我非常好奇法国群主这些名字都是谁取的，非常的直白毫不留情：比如Louis VI the Fat，但其实他相当骁勇，在扩大王权方面相当有建树。只是后期太胖已经很难再上前线。。。
他的儿子Louis VII the Young开启了法国卡佩王朝和英国金雀花王朝长长久久对法国王位的争夺。路易七世一开始和Eleanor of Aquitaine（1102-1204）结婚，她是Duchess of Aquitaine。路易七世必须和她生下男性继承人之后，法国才能把Aquitaine并入领土。据说Eleanor举止轻浮，性格太强势，非常不得婆婆和其他贵族喜欢。但路易七世非常爱她。她在第二次十字军之后就希望annul婚姻，但直到她一直生不出儿子才被允许离婚。离婚后Aquitaine土地归还给她。而她离婚后八周就与英国的王子Duke of Normandy结婚了。后来她老公变成了英格兰的亨利二世。而且她给亨利生了8个娃，包括Richard the Lionheart。结果英格兰认为他们对Aquitaine有主张权，从此开始对法国领土不依不饶。
Eleanor of Aquitaine实在是妙人一个。以下摘自wikipedia：
She was one of themost powerful and wealthiest women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France. Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. She led armies several times in her life and was a leader of the Second Crusade(但并不代表她真的有军事才能).
Soon after the Second Crusade, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage.（旅游使人认清婚姻的本质，哈哈） However, only after the birth of her second daughter Alix, Louis agreed to an annulment, as 15 years of marriage had not produced a son. As soon as the annulment on grounds of consanguinity was granted, Eleanor became engaged to the duke of Normandy, who became King Henry II of England in 1154. Henry was her third cousin and 11 years younger. Over the next 13 years, she bore eight children: five sons, three of whom became kings; and three daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting their son Henry's revolt against him. She was not released until 6 July 1189, when Henry died and their second son, Richard the Lionheart, ascended the throne. She died at age 82.
当她爸爸William去世的时候，Eleanor只有13或15岁。As these were the days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for obtaining a title, William dictated a will on the very day he died that bequeathed his domains to Eleanor and appointed King Louis VI of France as her guardian.
The death of William made available the most desirable duchy in France. While presenting a solemn and dignified face to the grieving Aquitainian messengers, Louis VI exulted when they departed. Rather than act as guardian to the duchess and duchy, he decided to marry the duchess to his 17-year-old heir and bring Aquitaine under the control of the French crown. Within hours, the king had arranged for Prince Louis to be married to Eleanor. 这段描写也太经典了，简直有史记的风范。
与路易七世离婚后，As Eleanor traveled to Poitiers (where her dad died), two lords —Theobald V, Count of Blois, and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandy —tried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, duke of Normandy and future king of England, asking him to come at once to marry her. On 18 May 1152, eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry "without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank."
虽然他们生了8个娃，但其实Henry风流韵事不断。Henry's notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known, and Eleanor's marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained.
During the period from Henry's accession to the birth of Eleanor's youngest son John, affairs in the kingdom were turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband and answered only to their duchess.
与此同时，Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long hoped-for son, Philip Augustus, also known as Dieudonne—God-given). "Young Henry," son of Henry and Eleanor, wed Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis from his second marriage. 亲家和仇人之间为什么转换得这么自然。。。。
1206年10月13日，腓力二世与理查一世的继任者约翰（also known asJohn Lackland，因为他是最小的一个儿子，其他几个哥哥已经把地分完了，啊哈哈哈哈）在图阿尔签订和约。这个和约对法兰西王室压倒性地有利：约翰被迫放弃罗亚尔以北所有原属金雀花王朝的领地，包括诺曼底、阿基坦、安茹和图赖讷。按照条约，约翰应保有普瓦图；但腓力于1207年就又侵入了这一地区。
1214年7月21日，腓力二世领导法军与约翰和奥托四世的联军在布汶战役中展开决战。法军在战斗中获得了决定性的胜利。布汶战役Battles of Bouvines具有历史意义。它不仅是罗马帝国灭亡以来西欧发生的第一场伤亡重大的战役，而且还标志着法兰西取代德意志成为欧洲大陆上最主要的国家。德意志在以后的历史中不断衰弱、分裂，而法兰西则在百年战争后成为西欧的头号强国。
On 15 August 1193, he married Ingeborg, daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark. She was renamed Isambour. Phillip, however, discovered on their wedding night that she hadterribly bad breath （中世纪的人怎么这么可爱，哈哈哈哈）, and he refused to allow her to be crowned queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Isambour, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.
In the meantime, Philip had sought a new bride. Initial agreement had been reached for him to marry Margaret of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage.（娶个老婆容易吗？） Philip finally achieved a third marriage on 7 May 1196, when he was married to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia.
Pope Innocent III declared Philip Augustus' marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the king to part from Agnes, and when he did not, the pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until 7 September 1200. Due to pressure from the pope and from Ingeborg's brother King Valdemar II of Denmark, Philip finally took Isambour back as his wife in 1201, but it would not be until 1213 that she would be recognized at court as queen.
There was little resistance when the prince entered London, and Louis was proclaimed king at Old St Paul's Cathedral with great pomp and celebration in the presence of all of London. Even though he was not crowned, many nobles, as well as King Alexander II of Scotland on behalf of his English possessions, gathered to give homage.
但当John死了后，贵族们拥立九岁的继承人亨利三世，就把路易赶走了。10,000 marks were given to Louis. In return for this payment, Louis agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England.
Doubts about interpreting the Treaty began almost as soon as it was signed. The agreement resulted in the fact that the English kings had to pay homage liege to the French monarchs for territories on the continent. The situation did not help the friendly relationship between the two states, as it made two sovereigns of equal powers in their countries in fact unequal. According to professor Malcolm Vale, the Treaty of Paris was one of the indirect causes of the Hundred Years' War.
第七次十字军东征失败后，路易将失败的原因归因为神的惩罚，因此加强王权，重建基督教道德秩序。他决定惩治亵渎、赌博、放贷和卖淫；他也试图让犹太人自愿或强制改宗。为此，他对犹太人施以各种手段，包括焚毁塔木德 (the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology）等，他在统治末期，迫使犹太人在胸前和后背佩戴黄色或红色的圆形标志，同时保护他们免受攻击。
他从君士坦丁堡的博杜安二世Baldwin II（败家子）那里买下了很多圣物。1237年，君士坦丁堡的拉丁贵族们需要钱，准备把耶稣受难时的荆冠Crown of thorns出售给外国人。在路易的特使达到君士坦丁堡后发现，由于急需用钱，拉丁贵族们在此期间已经以荆冠作为抵押品，向威尼斯的钱庄借债。倘若在圣杰尔威和普罗泰的殉难日6月18日之前不能赎回，荆冠就归威尼斯人所有，并将送往威尼斯。威尼斯和路易达成协议，将荆冠让给法国人。在运输过程中，希腊人通过他们的间谍已经获悉这笔圣物交易和即将由海路运送的消息，准备劫夺圣物。可是，圣物平安抵运威尼斯，后改走陆路并由神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗里德里希二世的帝国护卫队护送，这是基督教世界非教会安全事务中的最高司法保障。圣物终于平安达到巴黎。
Louis IX于1270年去世，在1297年被封圣。封圣之后，尸体变得非常受欢迎，从挪威到布拉格都有分到一杯羹。1610年9月，玛丽·德美第奇获赠一块遗骨，后来她深感懊悔，遂趁路易十三加冕之际原物奉还。奥地利的安娜于1616年获赠一小块肋骨后犹感不足，翌年终于获赠一条完整的肋骨；后来她又请吉斯枢机主教出面说情，为巴黎和罗马的耶稣会士弄到了一条肋骨和一条臂骨。最后，埋葬在蒙特利尔的圣路易内脏一直平安无事，1860年，两西西里国王弗朗切斯科二世被赶出国内，在流亡途中随身带着圣路易内脏。（OK，这一整段只有single source，所以可信度存疑。）
但是把心脏等部分和其他尸体分开埋葬，是从于格卡佩就开始的风俗。法国人真的好诡异啊！！！这是什么神丧葬习俗。。。。Commencing in the 13th century, the very catholic French sovereigns had their hearts, bowels, and internal organs (including the brain) separated from the rest of the body at death. A ritual ceremony was set up to glorify the royal organ, which was a symbol of political power and the people’s religious fervor. For all that separation, the body, the bowels, the internal organs, and the heart were interred in the same tomb. The ritual of separating the heart at death reached its peak in the 17th century: luxurious cardiotaphs (heart tombs) were created, funeral orations, and the appearance of grand ceremonies for heart burials, with specific testaments to the organ. In the debate opposing soul and body, the magnificence of the heart tombs contrasted greatly with the modesty of the funeral plaques covering the royal remains. Practiced not only by the kings of France, blood princes, and the French high nobility, separate heart-burial was also the custom for Polish, Scottish, and Austro-Hungarian nobility, as well as civil dignitaries and prelates of the Catholic Church. From the death of Hugues Capet in 997, the bodies of the kings of France (except three) were buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, but the hearts were meted out to different destinations according to the deceased sovereign’s will. Many were placed in the Church of the Annunciation in Paris. Spreading the royal hearts throughout the territory was a way for the French monarchy to make their political mark on the entire land.
他老婆Margaret of Provence相当有政治野心，曾经让自己小儿子起誓要听从自己直到30岁（大概相当于现在的50岁？）。她自己活到了74岁。她关系最好的妹妹Eleanor of Provence后来嫁给了Henry III，就是签巴黎协议的那个。她的婆婆也是非常high strong，所以两人互相憎恨。
Philip IV, 圣路易的孙子，综合来看称他为卡佩王朝最后一个暴君应该还算公平。他的外号是the Fair，指他外表很帅，the Iron King，指他手段铁血，冷酷无情。His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him, "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue.”
历史意义：Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state. His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs. Through marriage, he gained Champagne and Brie. He also gained Lyon for France in 1312.
他干了几件大事：
1. 与英国Edward I的领土纷争，做法十分没节操。
As the duke of Aquitaine, English King Edward I was a vassal to Philip, and had to pay him homage. 1293年，英国人与诺曼人发生海上冲突，腓力四世借机宣召英格兰国王爱德华一世，令后者以封臣的身份前往法国宫廷。对英国国王而言，不仅有失颜面，更是一场外交危机。爱德华派自己的兄弟与腓力谈判解决争端，达成协议双方各自归还部分土地。爱德华乖乖归还了领土，Philip IV直接食言，而且与英格兰的宿敌苏格兰人秘密达成联盟。这个被捅破后，战争不可避免地爆发，持续了七、八年 。对Philip来说雪上加霜的是，1302年Battle of the Golden Spurs，法国封建骑士惨败给佛兰德斯Flanders（现荷兰）行会民兵。于是英法在1303年签订Treaty of Paris。并且在1308年，爱德华和腓力结为亲家。
2. 因为战争债台高筑，为筹措资金，放逐犹太人，搞通货膨胀，造成金融危机。
First, he arrested Jews so that he could seize their assets to accommodate the inflated costs of modern warfare, expelling them from his French territories on 22 July 1306. The Jews were regarded as honest, good businessmen who satisfied their customers, while the king's collectors were universally unpopular. Finally, in 1315（已经是Louis X在位）, because of the "clamor of the people", the Jews were invited back with an offer of 12 years of guaranteed residence, free from government interference. Jews were to wear an armband at all times. In 1322, the Jews were expelled again by the King's successor Charles IV, who did not honor his commitment.
A second group of targets consisted of rich abbots男修道院院长 and Lombard merchants (northern Italy), who had earlier made him extensive loans on the pledge of repayment from future taxation. Like the Jews, the Lombard bankers were expelled from France and their property expropriated. In addition to these measures, Philip debased the French coinage, which had a harsh impact on all less-wealthy people of France. This financial crisis led to rioting in Paris which forced Philip to briefly seek refuge in the Paris Temple - headquarters of the Knights Templar, 即圣殿骑士团。后面看看他是如何恩将仇报的。
3. 杀教皇，改教廷到Avignon
Philip IV与教皇之间的矛盾愈演愈烈。一开始是将所有宗教人员的税率调高到50%，教廷异常愤怒，Pope Boniface VIII直接发布命令，任何基督教机构不再向法国皇室转移任何财产。Philip IV召开了第一次三级会议，企图利用民众声音来贬低教皇。This assembly, which was composed of clergy, nobles, and burghers, gave support to Philip. 腓力四世直接派了自己的谋士去逮捕教皇 sent his agent Guillaume de Nogaret to arrest Boniface at Anagni. The pope escaped but died soon afterward. The French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as Clement V and thus began the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy (1309–77), during which the official seat of the papacy moved to Avignon, an enclave surrounded by French territories, and was subjected to French control.
At daybreak on Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of Templars in France were simultaneously arrested by agents of Philip the Fair, to be later tortured into admitting heresy in the Order. The Templars were supposedly answerable to only the Pope, but Philip used his influence over Clement V, who was largely his pawn, to disband the organization. Pope Clement did attempt to hold proper trials, but Philip used the previously forced confessions to have many Templars burned at the stake before they could mount a proper defense.
腓力四世有三个儿子，Louis，Philip，Charles，全部都做了法国国王，全部都很短命。Louis娶了 Margaret, the daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy. Philip娶了Joan，the eldest daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy。 Charles娶了Blanche, another of Otto's daughters。他有一个女儿，嫁给了英国国王Edward II。
这三个儿子的婚姻都有点不正常。Louis' is considered to have been an unhappy match; Louis, known as "the Quarreler" and "the Headstrong", is said to have preferred playing real tennis to spending time with the "feisty and shapely" Margaret. Charles, a relatively conservative, "strait-laced" and "stiff-necked" individual, had an unexceptional marriage. Philip, in contrast, became noted for his unusual generosity to his wife Joan; the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time and Philip wrote numerous, if formulaic, love letters to his wife over the years.
他的女儿也许嫁了个gay或者bi，最后也许因爱生恨杀了自己老公。Isabella's marriage proved difficult, largely due to Edward's intimate relationship with his close friend and possible lover, Piers Gaveston (这哥们三次被流放三次被召回最后被贵族忍无可忍谋杀了的牛x爱情故事我们下次再细讲）. Isabella looked frequently to her father for help addressing the problems in her English marriage. Isabella's own marriage failed catastrophically in due course, with many historians believing that she was responsible for the murder of her husband Edward in 1327 after Isabella's seizure of power in England with her lover Roger de Mortimer in 1326.
Isabella首先发现了自己两个嫂嫂与两个骑士的奸情，Margaret和Blanche，并报告给了父亲腓力四世。腓力四世自然大怒。这个巨大的王室丑闻被称为Tour de Nesle affair。因为这个塔是这两对私会的地方。Blanche and Margaret were tried before the Paris Parlement and found guilty of adultery. The two women had their heads shaven and were sentenced to life imprisonment. Joan was also tried before the Parlement but was found innocent, partially as a result of her husband Philip's influence. 不知道是不是受这件事情影响，腓力四世同一年就去世了。
这件历史性丑闻的影响直接导致了法国不承认女性后裔的继承权，所以法国从来没有女王。The affair badly damaged the reputation of women in senior French circles, contributing to the way that the Salic Law was implemented during subsequent arguments over the succession to the throne.
Louis作为大儿子继承王位，半年后Margaret在地牢里去世了（很可能是被毒杀）。Louis在她死后5天就再婚，对象是Clementia of Hungary, the niece of Louis' own uncle Charles of Valois. Louis X死得也是很好笑，following a particularly exhausting tennis game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of poisoning Clementia给他生下了一个儿子John，但5天后就一命呜呼了。还是得了个谥号John I the Posthumous遗腹子。因为恰好因为打网球死掉了，Louis X成为历史上第一位有记载的网球选手。
老爸Philip IV是个改革派，他的政治理想是中央集权，所以他决策不依赖贵族更多是用自己的谋士，而看看中国历史就知道商鞅啊王安石这一类改革派的下场都不怎么好。Louis X即位后，很依赖叔叔Charles of Valois，这个人自然支持封建制，并视腓力四世的谋士们为眼中钉。他一开始怂恿Louis X用贪污的罪名栽赃Enguerrand de Marigny结果不太好使。于是就改用了巫术/黑魔法socery的罪名。这一招迅速凑效，谋士Enguerrand de Marigny被砍了头。自古罪名都是越莫须有越好用啊。
Philip V the tall，Louis X的弟弟，继承了王位。在位仅六年就死于痢疾，没有留下男性继承人。Philip V出人意料是个相当有政治才能的君主。Modern historians have described Philip V as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of Philip IV's three sons. 他建立了独立的财政部门，统一度量衡，改革货币，平定Flanders叛乱，缓和犹太人问题。 Amongst Philip's key appointments was the later cardinal Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years.
Charles IV, Louis X和Philip V的弟弟，继承了王位，是卡佩王朝最后一位君主。外号也叫the Fair，是个帅哥。由于老婆被抓奸，他继承王位之后就annul婚姻，把老婆送去修道院，另外娶了Marie of Luxembourg, the daughter of Henry VII, the Holy Roman Emperor, 娃早产的时候死了。第三个老婆叫Jeanne d'Évreux: she was his first cousin, and the marriage required approval from Pope John XXII.
Charles没有什么政治觉悟，也搞通货膨胀、征税什么的，不得人心。在位六年，没有留下男性继承人。他的堂弟Philip of Valois继承王位成为Philip VI，瓦卢瓦王朝的第一位君主。由于Charles的妹妹Isabella嫁给了英国Edward II并且生了Edward III，所以英国人觉得自己对法国王位也有主张权。当然主要还是因为连着三个短命的法国国王，加上腓力四世穷兵黩武，法国元气大伤，才让英国觉得有可乘之机，终于开始了百年战争的序幕。
Henry VII attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the civil war. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
第三集：
查理十一
勃艮第
第四集：
查尔斯五世神圣罗马帝国
西班牙属于神圣罗马帝国
Francis first 政治上非常幼稚
Francis I of France
A prodigious patron of the arts, he initiated the French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work on the Château de Chambord, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired.
Field of the Cloth of Gold
he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir
亨利八世不爱江山爱美人，女儿是伊丽莎白一世Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled.
Anne Boleyn
She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, which her sister Mary had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not annul the marriage, the breaking of the Catholic Church's power in England began.
Because she never had a son, Henry was courting Jane Seymour. In order to marry Jane Seymour, Henry had to find reasons to end the marriage to Anne. She was beheaded.
历史无力者突然在一天夜里下班后打算恶补历史文化，虽然是出于功利心，毕竟考研要考的文化部分怎么才能记住呀，嘤嘤嘤o(>﹏<)o~结果严肃的知识搭配帅气演员和略微搞笑的演绎，让我的紧张完全消褪，完全轻松地沉浸。下面我来整理一下自己的笔记，嘻嘻嘻，会有很多错的地方吧，欢迎好心人来指正呀~~！
14世纪，英法爆发两次世纪大战。
法国国王腓力五世查尔斯没有儿子继承王位，去世时后妻子贞德生下女儿，所以腓力五世的弟弟布兰奇正式加冕为王。
太晚啦，我要回家，有空继续写吧...
借由这部纪录片，终于梳理清楚很多大历史事件的小细节，在不懂时查百度百科涨了不少知识。此外除了历史脉络的梳理，更重要的是感受到西方世界与东方世界的政权迥然不同，“封建社会”不等同于“封建社会”。
1.在13世纪已经经过数次十字军东征确认了教会至高无上的权威，因此欧洲王国的加冕必须由特定教堂的神职人员进行，没有经过加冕的实权者只能是“王太子”“摄政王”。也就是说，王权的合法性来源于基督教。比如查理七世被其母亲与勃艮第公爵联合以法律剥夺继承权（该法律还确认了英王继承的合法权益），即使他是查理六世唯一的儿子，也无法合法继承王国。而他得以加冕的契机是圣女贞德的出现，圣女贞德称上帝的指引要她帮助查理七世登上王位并把英国佬赶出法国（当时英王已经在巴黎实际统治几十年），几场有如神助的战役帮助查理七世到兰斯加冕（这是每一任法王加冕的官方教堂）。后圣女贞德被英王抓捕，英王则通过神职人员将贞德打为异端来否定她支持的查理七世王权合法性。
2.欧洲的王国代表的是封地和财产，基于欧洲王室间混乱的联姻，由外国人来继承王位并不少见，“国王”的头衔只相当于一个高品级的爵位。继承的依据是血缘远近，而且无中国的内外姓之分，也就是说外嫁女的后代可能比本姓的继承顺序更前。其中细微的区别是萨利克法，否认了女性继承爵位，但女性可以通过血脉使得其儿子有继承权。看似这个那个王朝的变迁，事实上统治权全部掌握在一个血脉的人手中，王侯将相宁有种乎不存在于欧洲王国。在这样的继承制度基础上，欧洲经常出现这个国家国王兼任那个国家国王，通过联姻不停地获得不同区域的继承权，他们发起的王权战争就有了合法依据——毕竟没人会嫌弃封地少。
3.贵族女性在王国中有比较大的话语权。相较于中国，欧洲国家的王后有着很大的权力，这个权力来源于强有力的母系家族（基本都是政治联姻），也来源于一夫一妻制度下剥夺小三及小三子女一切继承权。很多王后将成为摄政王，直接干涉王国事物（这在中国是根本无法想象的！），娘家对于王后地位不满，甚至还能要求王后加冕成女王，与国王同享政权（queen能够翻译为王后或女王，可能也是基于这个原因）。而这还是严格执行萨利克法继承制度，在非萨利克法区域，长女能够直接继承王位成为女王（虽然这些区域也重男轻女）。在一些过渡时期，王后或者长女掌握实际政权是很常见的事情，由于联姻对象多多少少都有血缘关系，似乎也完全不担心外戚干政，欧洲王族对于“国姓”十分随意。由于一夫一妻制，排除了情妇上位的一切可能性，王后不想过了也能硬气离婚，因为不存在小三得宠孩子上位的一切可能性。
4.当时没有民族国家的概念，英法百年战争可以笼统看作英格兰和法兰西的战争，但是英格兰当今法国领土上有大片封地，法兰西也一直有领土变更，勃艮第与法兰西同源，后建立公国差点儿成为独立王国。没有民族国家观念，意味着随时可以聘请对立方的军队打自己人。比如路易十一和大胆查理分别支持英国的兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝，势力的此消彼长也体现在英国玫瑰战争的输赢上。同一时期的神圣罗马帝国却是另一种方式，用选举的方式选出皇帝。当然这个所谓的帝国跟中国大一统的帝国迥然不同，大概就是个地位的象征，其涵盖区域内有大大小小的王国公国，大概能达到一个现在一个村长就是当时的国王的地步。当然神圣罗马帝国与教会扯皮的余地更大一些。
历史的有趣之处正是在于此，一个历史阶段向另一个完全不同的历史阶段推进，往往是有迹可循的。
看完以后把记得的东西稍微整理一下，短评写不下所以占个长评的位置。勿喷~
起因是1328年卡佩王朝的查理四世没有留下继承人就去世，旁系血亲开始内斗，英格兰的爱德华三世因为母亲是查理四世的妹妹，与瓦卢瓦王朝的腓力六世互为堂亲，因此有了竞争资格。纪录片里在亨利六世之前都是英国更胜一筹。法国的内乱在查理六世由于精神病发疯后激化，日后的查理七世在阿马尼亚克人的支持下掌控法国南部，勃艮第人与查理六世的妻子摄政王伊莎贝尔结盟位于法国东北部、英格兰亨利五世主要掌控法国北部。查理七世熬走了父亲和对手，又有圣女贞德的奇迹与兰斯加冕的优势，亨利六世虽有《特鲁瓦条约》但也终至溃败。路易十一时期由于削弱贵族的政策，法国内部以勃艮第“大胆的查理”为首的公益联盟反叛，但勃艮第和约克王朝的爱德华四世联姻后双方各谋其利，大胆的查理为了争取神圣罗马帝国王位缺席加来之战，导致爱德华四世与路易十一缔结和约，查理因此与哈布斯堡王朝联姻以对抗路易十一。但由于大胆查理在南锡战役中惨死，勃艮第的玛丽也坠马而亡，奥地利大公马克西米利安的勃艮第公国受到威胁，求助英格兰失败后最终与路易十一联姻，皇太子查理与奥地利的玛格丽特共享勃艮第。16世纪弗朗索瓦一世与查理五世发动了三次战争，最后双方都精疲力竭于1538年在尼斯休战。
第一集
这个视频讲述了欧洲历史中的权力争夺和战争，以及法国和英格兰之间的百年战争。通过讲述法国国王菲利普六世和英格兰国王爱德华三世之间的斗争，展现了战争的残酷和影响。视频还涉及了黑死病的爆发以及相关的政治动荡。最后，讲述了法国国王约翰二世的囚禁和死亡，以及英格兰国王爱德华三世对法国的影响。整个故事充满了权力、背叛、战争和政治斗争的元素。
⚔️法英百年战争开端 00:00-08:48
这一章节讲述了14世纪的法国国王菲利普六世与英国国王爱德华三世之间的争斗，引发了百年战争。菲利普六世继承法国王位，而爱德华三世则有意夺取法国王位。爱德华三世的母亲伊莎贝尔是法国王室成员，他对法国王位有着强烈野心。两国之间的纷争将贯穿数代，掀开了一段充满谋杀、性爱和背叛的历史。
????英军入侵法国 08:48-17:31
这一章节讲述了英王爱德华三世对法王腓力六世的挑战和战争。爱德华宣称自己是法国王位的合法继承人，引发战争。在1346年，英军入侵法国，大肆掠夺，并攻击科尔内城。战争爆发后，爱德华被法军追杀，被迫撤退。
????克雷西战役惨败 17:31-26:22
这一章节讲述了1346年英法百年战争中的克雷西战役。法国国王菲利普率军被英军击败，法军惨败，死亡惨重。英国只损失2名骑士和80名士兵。此战后，骑兵不再主导战场，弓箭手的时代来临。英王爱德华获得了完全胜利，但百年战争尚未结束。
????菲利普六世统治 26:22-35:10
这一章节讲述了法国国王菲利普六世的统治时期，他在克雷西战役中犯了战略错误，导致法国遭受战争和瘟疫的蹂躏。他留下了巨大的领土和维持了法国的稳定。他的儿子约翰二世则是一位顽固但勇敢的战士，被称为约翰好王。在1356年的波亚捷大战中，约翰二世被俘，结束了法国战败的局面。
????约翰二世被俘 35:10-44:01
这一章节讲述了1357年5月24日，法国国王约翰二世被俘至伦敦，儿子查理成为法国摄政。在与英王爱德华三世的谈判中，法国割让领土并支付赎金，但拒绝放弃领土。结果英军再次入侵法国，约翰二世被释放，但子嗣被扣留。法国在百年战争中受损严重，但查理五世成为出色的国王，为法国复兴奠定基础。
第二集
这个视频讲述了欧洲历史中的权力斗争和战争。法国国王查理六世的疯狂导致了国家动荡，英国利用混乱入侵法国。百年战争中，亨利五世取得重要胜利，但随后战局逆转，法国国王查理七世通过战争和势力博弈最终统一了法国。最终在1453年，法国收复了英国占领的亚奎丹，结束了长达107年的战争。
????法国王位之争 00:00-09:18
15世纪初，法国国王查理六世陷入疯狂，妻子伊莎贝尔无奈选择为他选了一个情妇。政治斗争愈演愈烈，国内外势力角逐王位。查理的疯狂导致婚姻破裂，对国家造成困扰。同时，他的兄弟奥尔良公爵和堂兄勃艮第公爵图谋夺权，法国陷入动荡不安。
⚔️英法战争爆发 09:18-18:39
路易·奥尔良公爵被暗杀，引发了法国内战。勃艮第公爵约翰联合英国国王亨利五对抗阿尔马尼亚派。亨利要求法国王位和领土，引发了英法战争。英军攻占阿弗尔后向巴黎进军，引发了法英决战。
⚔️阿金库战役胜利 18:39-28:09
在1415年的阿金库战役中，亨利五世率领英军战胜法军，取得全面胜利，法军损失惨重。亨利五世认为这是上天的旨意，他是英法合法国王。之后，法国内部权力斗争激烈，不同势力争夺控制权。约翰无畏公爵控制了巴黎，但并非法国唯一统治者。法国内部分裂，各势力角逐权力。
????特鲁瓦条约签署 28:09-37:21
1420年5月21日签署的特鲁瓦条约将英王列为法国合法继承人，排除了所谓的嗣子。1421年12月，凯瑟琳为英国国王诞下儿子，将两国合并的希望寄托在他身上。但英王和法王在短时间内相继去世，导致王位争夺混乱。查理七世于1422年10月30日自封法王，与英军重新开战。期间，17岁的约翰从多尔米让出现，声称接受圣灵指示，带领军队解救了奥尔良城。
⚔️法国统一之战 37:21-46:33
法国军队在神助攻下，于1429年7月17日加冕查理七世为国王。然而，英军仍固守。1430年5月24日，英军俘获贞德，指控她为异端，并处以火刑。1435年，阿拉斯条约签署，法国统一。1453年，法军在卡斯蒂永战役中击败英军，法国收复阿基坦。
第三集
这个视频讲述了欧洲历史中权力斗争的故事，以法国国王路易十一为主角。他在与英格兰和奥地利的战争中巧妙应对，通过政治联姻和外交手段巩固了法国的地位。路易十一的政治智慧和决断力使得法国成为欧洲最强大的国家之一。视频中还涉及了权力争斗、外交联姻、战争与和平等多个方面，展示了路易十一的政治手腕和对法国的影响。
????路易十一的权力夺取 00:00-09:29
15世纪下半叶，法国国王路易11世加冕成为国王。他试图推翻父王查理七世，但失败后被迫向父王认错。加冕后，他意外地将权力从贵族手中夺取，任命平民为重要职位。他从小在严苛的环境下长大，变得狡诈残酷，对一切人都心存疑虑。他将童年的城堡变成监狱以防范敌对势力。
❤️婚姻游戏与反抗 09:29-18:55
在这一章节中，法国国王路易十一为了控制奥尔良和布洛瓦镇，利用婚姻游戏将女儿嫁给年仅14岁的奥尔良公爵。然而，这场游戏却引发了反对者的反抗，以公共车轮联盟的名义对抗国王。这场战斗在1465年发生在蒙特莱里，虽然没有明确胜负，但路易十一最终通过谈判解决了冲突，并恢复了对一些领土的控制。
????查理大胆与玫瑰战争 18:55-28:47
这一章节讲述了查理大胆与路易十一之间的背叛与反背叛。查理大胆被告知列日镇叛乱，而路易十一却被囚禁并被迫看着叛乱被镇压。英国与勃艮第为推翻共同敌人结盟，引发了玫瑰战争。路易十一通过帮助英国前皇后玛格丽特发动战争，成功削弱查理大胆与约克公爵。
⚔️百年战争的结束 28:47-38:09
英格兰国王因为公爵查理的背叛，不得不与法国国王路易十一达成和平协议，结束了长达百年的百年战争。同时，查理公爵为了壮大自己，将女儿玛丽嫁给奥地利大公马克西米连，成为了波旁王国的国王。然而，查理公爵的死却给路易十一带来了新的威胁，玛丽和马克西米连的联合成为了法国的强大对手。
⚖️法国与奥地利斗争 38:09-47:45
这一章节讲述了1480年代法国和奥地利之间的斗争，以及在这段时间内发生的一系列事件。马丽王后在一次狩猎中不幸身亡，使得马克西米连丧失了对勃艮第的控制权。最终，路易十一通过与奥地利的政治联姻，成功夺回了勃艮第。路易十一在政治上取得胜利，但在生活中却身患多种疾病，最终于60岁时去世。
第四集
这个视频讲述了法国国王弗朗西斯一世和神圣罗马皇帝查理五世之间的权力斗争和战争。弗朗西斯一世曾被俘虏，经历了囚禁和交涉。他与查理五世签订了停战协议，结束了一系列战争。然而，两位君主最终都在中年时逝世。这段历史充满着欧洲的政治阴谋和权力争夺，展现了当时欧洲的政治格局和氛围。
????法国国王与西班牙国王的竞争 00:00-09:21
这一章节讲述了法国历史上的权力争夺，包括法国国王菲利普·德·瓦卢瓦斯与西班牙国王查理斯五世的竞争。法国国王弗朗西斯一世年轻时即位，与查理斯五世争夺神圣罗马帝国皇帝之位。两人通过贿赂竞选，最终查理斯五世当选为帝国皇帝，成为了拥有庞大帝国野心的统治者。
????华格尔的金融支持 09:21-18:45
华格尔提议了一项交易，为哈布斯堡银矿的大部分份额，查理斯拒绝了，最终华格尔向查理斯的对手提供了金融支持。查理斯最终愤怒地同意了华格尔的条件，华格尔为了选举神圣罗马皇帝，贿赂了选举委员会，最终查理斯被一致选举为皇帝。
⚔️米兰之战与法国失败 18:45-28:09
1524年10月底，法国国王及其军队夺回了米兰，随后将目光投向被占领的帕维亚镇。1525年2月23日夜晚，23,000名帝国士兵套上白色外套发起进攻，超过30,000名法国士兵击败查理五世的军队。但法国军队却在不到四个小时内几乎全军覆没，法国国王弗朗西斯被俘。弗朗西斯在囚禁六个月后病重，其姐玛格丽特前往西班牙照顾他，弗朗西斯奇迹般康复。玛格丽特前往托莱多与查理五世谈判，后者未兑现诺言，引起法国国王姐妹的愤怒。
????马德里条约与康布雷条约 28:09-37:34
玛格丽特为了救兄弟，设法让法国国王弗朗索瓦逃脱监禁，但被捕。弗朗索瓦最终签署马德里条约，放弃领土，并将两个儿子作为人质交出。随后法国与英国、教皇等结盟对抗西班牙。经过战争，最终在1662年通过康布雷条约解决，弗朗索瓦与西班牙公主结婚换回儿子。
❤️亨利八世与安妮·博林 37:34-46:58
在这一章节中，亨利八世想与安妮·博林结婚，为此找到弗朗西斯一世寻求支持。安妮展示了自己，最终获得弗朗西斯的认可。两周后，亨利和安妮秘密结婚，因为安妮已怀孕。之后，弗朗西斯一世死去，导致欧洲陷入动荡。最终，弗朗西斯一世去世，亨利二世继承王位。同时，查理五世也开始受病痛困扰，最终退位让位给亲王菲利普。
这部纪录片简直为我打开了中世纪的大门，中世纪的人实在太好玩了，各种狗血剧情看得我好high，于是忍不住以法国国王为顺序，挨个翻了一下他们的wiki，看看都发生了什么狗血八卦。他们的老婆也个个都不是省油的灯啊。everything so fucked up, lolllll
总的感想：所有的战争规模都超级小，几万人都算大的。政治上非常幼稚，来点联姻什么的就算高阶游戏了。人都死得很random，什么撞在门框上死了之类的，卫生条件和医术真的很差啊。婚姻都非常儿戏，不高兴了就用近亲的理由离婚，寡妇再嫁也非常常见，小三姘头啥的满天飞。
这样的中世纪紧接着非常光荣繁华的文艺复兴，我真的是非常想不通啊，这简直跟直立人突然出现在地球上一样根本是生物突变嘛。而且文艺复兴前还有大航海，这么弱的政权是怎么统治大西洋另外一端的殖民地的？其实也就是名义上的吧。
卡佩王朝，百年战争之前
公元987年，法国进入Direct Capetian王朝。一开始title只是King of Franks，从Philip II Augustus （1180年继位）开始变成King of France。
卡佩王朝的开国君主于格·卡佩及其男系后代从987年开始统治法国直到1792年在法国大革命中被推翻，历时800多年，而1814年至1848年更成功地复辟了两次（波旁复辟）。1328年卡佩王朝的直系——卡佩王室绝嗣，之后其两大支系瓦卢瓦王室和波旁王室相继统治法国。
我非常好奇法国群主这些名字都是谁取的，非常的直白毫不留情：比如Louis VI the Fat，但其实他相当骁勇，在扩大王权方面相当有建树。只是后期太胖已经很难再上前线。。。
他的儿子Louis VII the Young开启了法国卡佩王朝和英国金雀花王朝长长久久对法国王位的争夺。路易七世一开始和Eleanor of Aquitaine（1102-1204）结婚，她是Duchess of Aquitaine。路易七世必须和她生下男性继承人之后，法国才能把Aquitaine并入领土。据说Eleanor举止轻浮，性格太强势，非常不得婆婆和其他贵族喜欢。但路易七世非常爱她。她在第二次十字军之后就希望annul婚姻，但直到她一直生不出儿子才被允许离婚。离婚后Aquitaine土地归还给她。而她离婚后八周就与英国的王子Duke of Normandy结婚了。后来她老公变成了英格兰的亨利二世。而且她给亨利生了8个娃，包括Richard the Lionheart。结果英格兰认为他们对Aquitaine有主张权，从此开始对法国领土不依不饶。
Eleanor of Aquitaine实在是妙人一个。以下摘自wikipedia：
She was one of the most powerful and wealthiest women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France. Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. She led armies several times in her life and was a leader of the Second Crusade(但并不代表她真的有军事才能).
Soon after the Second Crusade, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage.（旅游使人认清婚姻的本质，哈哈） However, only after the birth of her second daughter Alix, Louis agreed to an annulment, as 15 years of marriage had not produced a son. As soon as the annulment on grounds of consanguinity was granted, Eleanor became engaged to the duke of Normandy, who became King Henry II of England in 1154. Henry was her third cousin and 11 years younger. Over the next 13 years, she bore eight children: five sons, three of whom became kings; and three daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting their son Henry's revolt against him. She was not released until 6 July 1189, when Henry died and their second son, Richard the Lionheart, ascended the throne. She died at age 82.
当她爸爸William去世的时候，Eleanor只有13或15岁。As these were the days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for obtaining a title, William dictated a will on the very day he died that bequeathed his domains to Eleanor and appointed King Louis VI of France as her guardian.
The death of William made available the most desirable duchy in France. While presenting a solemn and dignified face to the grieving Aquitainian messengers, Louis VI exulted when they departed. Rather than act as guardian to the duchess and duchy, he decided to marry the duchess to his 17-year-old heir and bring Aquitaine under the control of the French crown. Within hours, the king had arranged for Prince Louis to be married to Eleanor. 这段描写也太经典了，简直有史记的风范。
与路易七世离婚后，As Eleanor traveled to Poitiers (where her dad died), two lords —Theobald V, Count of Blois, and Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandy —tried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, duke of Normandy and future king of England, asking him to come at once to marry her. On 18 May 1152, eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry "without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank."
虽然他们生了8个娃，但其实Henry风流韵事不断。Henry's notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known, and Eleanor's marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained.
During the period from Henry's accession to the birth of Eleanor's youngest son John, affairs in the kingdom were turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband and answered only to their duchess.
与此同时，Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long hoped-for son, Philip Augustus, also known as Dieudonne—God-given). "Young Henry," son of Henry and Eleanor, wed Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis from his second marriage. 亲家和仇人之间为什么转换得这么自然。。。。
路易七世唯一的儿子Philip II竟成了卡佩王朝第一位强权君王，谁想得到？他把英国人从Anjou、Normandy和Aquitine赶走了，并且签订了对法国非常有利的英法条约，削弱了德意志，建立了法兰西的强大王权。他的婚姻依旧没有让我失望的好笑，以下摘抄自wikipedia：
腓力二世是卡佩王朝的第一位强大的君主。腓力二世奉行明显的使国家集权化的政策，力图抑制使法国王权陷于瘫痪的强大诸侯。
王室领地的最大扩展来自于腓力二世与英格兰金雀花王朝诸国王的斗争。金雀花王朝的始祖亨利二世由于出身西法兰克贵族而在法兰西境内拥有大量领地，包括安茹和诺曼底，又通过婚姻获得对阿基坦的统治权。为了削弱亨利二世的势力，腓力二世竭力挑拨亨利和他的几个儿子（亨利、理查、乔弗雷、约翰）之间的关系。腓力二世支持理查和约翰在亨利二世晚年发动的叛乱；在理查一世继承王位后，他又积极策划打击理查。
腓力二世是1189年~1192年的第三次十字军东征的领袖之一。欧洲的另外两位重要君主，神圣帝国皇帝腓特烈一世和英格兰国王理查一世也参加了这次十字军东征。这次东征毫无成果：腓特烈在小亚细亚渡河时淹死，腓力二世与理查矛盾明显而分道扬镳。
1206年10月13日，腓力二世与理查一世的继任者约翰（also known as John Lackland，因为他是最小的一个儿子，其他几个哥哥已经把地分完了，啊哈哈哈哈）在图阿尔签订和约。这个和约对法兰西王室压倒性地有利：约翰被迫放弃罗亚尔以北所有原属金雀花王朝的领地，包括诺曼底、阿基坦、安茹和图赖讷。按照条约，约翰应保有普瓦图；但腓力于1207年就又侵入了这一地区。
1214年7月21日，腓力二世领导法军与约翰和奥托四世的联军在布汶战役中展开决战。法军在战斗中获得了决定性的胜利。布汶战役Battles of Bouvines具有历史意义。它不仅是罗马帝国灭亡以来西欧发生的第一场伤亡重大的战役，而且还标志着法兰西取代德意志成为欧洲大陆上最主要的国家。德意志在以后的历史中不断衰弱、分裂，而法兰西则在百年战争后成为西欧的头号强国。
On 15 August 1193, he married Ingeborg, daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark. She was renamed Isambour. Phillip, however, discovered on their wedding night that she had terribly bad breath （中世纪的人怎么这么可爱，哈哈哈哈）, and he refused to allow her to be crowned queen. Ingeborg protested at this treatment; his response was to confine her to a convent. He then asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Isambour, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Paris intervened on the side of Ingeborg, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.
In the meantime, Philip had sought a new bride. Initial agreement had been reached for him to marry Margaret of Geneva, daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas I of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new queen and married her instead, claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage.（娶个老婆容易吗？） Philip finally achieved a third marriage on 7 May 1196, when he was married to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia.
Pope Innocent III declared Philip Augustus' marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered the king to part from Agnes, and when he did not, the pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until 7 September 1200. Due to pressure from the pope and from Ingeborg's brother King Valdemar II of Denmark, Philip finally took Isambour back as his wife in 1201, but it would not be until 1213 that she would be recognized at court as queen.
他跟第一个老婆生了三个娃，包括他的继承者。跟Agnes生了三个娃，都被承认了。完全没有跟Isambour生娃...
路易八世，在当王子时跟老爸并肩作战一路打到了伦敦，因为当地贵族真的很讨厌John Lackland所以纷纷反叛用户路易（迎接解放军么？）英格兰竟然也有输得这么惨的时候啊！
There was little resistance when the prince entered London, and Louis was proclaimed king at Old St Paul's Cathedral with great pomp and celebration in the presence of all of London. Even though he was not crowned, many nobles, as well as King Alexander II of Scotland on behalf of his English possessions, gathered to give homage.
但当John死了后，贵族们拥立九岁的继承人亨利三世，就把路易赶走了。10,000 marks were given to Louis. In return for this payment, Louis agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England.
1223年11月1日，路易反其父所为，签署法令，禁止官员向犹太人借贷。路易的禁令是一次解决这一身为政教分离持续根源的法律问题的尝试。
b路易九世，唯一死后被罗马教廷封圣的法国皇帝，因此常被称为“圣路易”。这个人大概有些争议，他的英文的wikipedia比中文的简单很多，但是我查了多个reference之后确认中文的版本应该没有大的史实错误。Highlight包括：1. 君士坦丁堡的败家子 2.（基督教圣人的）反犹行动 3. 非常popular的遗体。以下摘自中文维基百科：
成年后，路易结束了卡佩王朝和金雀花王朝间的冲突，将包括普罗旺斯地区艾克斯、博凯尔、卡尔卡松地区及布卢瓦、沙特尔、沙托丹和桑塞尔等伯爵领地并入王家领地，并加强了对诺曼底、安茹、图赖讷、曼恩和普瓦图的控制。
英格兰的亨利三世与路易九世于1259年签订了巴黎条约， 亨利三世同意放弃诺曼底（除了海峡群岛）、曼恩省、安茹省和普瓦图。他可以继续占有法国的加斯科尼和部分阿基坦，但只作为路易九世的诸侯身份保有。作为交换，路易九世不再支持反英叛乱。
Doubts about interpreting the Treaty began almost as soon as it was signed. The agreement resulted in the fact that the English kings had to pay homage liege to the French monarchs for territories on the continent. The situation did not help the friendly relationship between the two states, as it made two sovereigns of equal powers in their countries in fact unequal. According to professor Malcolm Vale, the Treaty of Paris was one of the indirect causes of the Hundred Years' War.
第七次十字军东征失败后，路易将失败的原因归因为神的惩罚，因此加强王权，重建基督教道德秩序。他决定惩治亵渎、赌博、放贷和卖淫；他也试图让犹太人自愿或强制改宗。为此，他对犹太人施以各种手段，包括焚毁塔木德 (the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology）等，他在统治末期，迫使犹太人在胸前和后背佩戴黄色或红色的圆形标志，同时保护他们免受攻击。
他从君士坦丁堡的博杜安二世Baldwin II（败家子）那里买下了很多圣物。1237年，君士坦丁堡的拉丁贵族们需要钱，准备把耶稣受难时的荆冠Crown of thorns出售给外国人。在路易的特使达到君士坦丁堡后发现，由于急需用钱，拉丁贵族们在此期间已经以荆冠作为抵押品，向威尼斯的钱庄借债。倘若在圣杰尔威和普罗泰的殉难日6月18日之前不能赎回，荆冠就归威尼斯人所有，并将送往威尼斯。威尼斯和路易达成协议，将荆冠让给法国人。在运输过程中，希腊人通过他们的间谍已经获悉这笔圣物交易和即将由海路运送的消息，准备劫夺圣物。可是，圣物平安抵运威尼斯，后改走陆路并由神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗里德里希二世的帝国护卫队护送，这是基督教世界非教会安全事务中的最高司法保障。圣物终于平安达到巴黎。
Louis IX于1270年去世，在1297年被封圣。封圣之后，尸体变得非常受欢迎，从挪威到布拉格都有分到一杯羹。1610年9月，玛丽·德美第奇获赠一块遗骨，后来她深感懊悔，遂趁路易十三加冕之际原物奉还。奥地利的安娜于1616年获赠一小块肋骨后犹感不足，翌年终于获赠一条完整的肋骨；后来她又请吉斯枢机主教出面说情，为巴黎和罗马的耶稣会士弄到了一条肋骨和一条臂骨。最后，埋葬在蒙特利尔的圣路易内脏一直平安无事，1860年，两西西里国王弗朗切斯科二世被赶出国内，在流亡途中随身带着圣路易内脏。（OK，这一整段只有single source，所以可信度存疑。）
但是把心脏等部分和其他尸体分开埋葬，是从于格卡佩就开始的风俗。法国人真的好诡异啊！！！这是什么神丧葬习俗。。。。Commencing in the 13th century, the very catholic French sovereigns had their hearts, bowels, and internal organs (including the brain) separated from the rest of the body at death. A ritual ceremony was set up to glorify the royal organ, which was a symbol of political power and the people’s religious fervor. For all that separation, the body, the bowels, the internal organs, and the heart were interred in the same tomb. The ritual of separating the heart at death reached its peak in the 17th century: luxurious cardiotaphs (heart tombs) were created, funeral orations, and the appearance of grand ceremonies for heart burials, with specific testaments to the organ. In the debate opposing soul and body, the magnificence of the heart tombs contrasted greatly with the modesty of the funeral plaques covering the royal remains. Practiced not only by the kings of France, blood princes, and the French high nobility, separate heart-burial was also the custom for Polish, Scottish, and Austro-Hungarian nobility, as well as civil dignitaries and prelates of the Catholic Church. From the death of Hugues Capet in 997, the bodies of the kings of France (except three) were buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, but the hearts were meted out to different destinations according to the deceased sovereign’s will. Many were placed in the Church of the Annunciation in Paris. Spreading the royal hearts throughout the territory was a way for the French monarchy to make their political mark on the entire land.
他老婆Margaret of Provence相当有政治野心，曾经让自己小儿子起誓要听从自己直到30岁（大概相当于现在的50岁？）。她自己活到了74岁。她关系最好的妹妹Eleanor of Provence后来嫁给了Henry III，就是签巴黎协议的那个。她的婆婆也是非常high strong，所以两人互相憎恨。
Philip IV, 圣路易的孙子，综合来看称他为卡佩王朝最后一个暴君应该还算公平。他的外号是the Fair，指他外表很帅，the Iron King，指他手段铁血，冷酷无情。His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him, "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue.”
历史意义：Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state. His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs. Through marriage, he gained Champagne and Brie. He also gained Lyon for France in 1312.
他干了几件大事：
1. 与英国Edward I的领土纷争，做法十分没节操。
As the duke of Aquitaine, English King Edward I was a vassal to Philip, and had to pay him homage. 1293年，英国人与诺曼人发生海上冲突，腓力四世借机宣召英格兰国王爱德华一世，令后者以封臣的身份前往法国宫廷。对英国国王而言，不仅有失颜面，更是一场外交危机。爱德华派自己的兄弟与腓力谈判解决争端，达成协议双方各自归还部分土地。爱德华乖乖归还了领土，Philip IV直接食言，而且与英格兰的宿敌苏格兰人秘密达成联盟。这个被捅破后，战争不可避免地爆发，持续了七、八年 。对Philip来说雪上加霜的是，1302年Battle of the Golden Spurs，法国封建骑士惨败给佛兰德斯Flanders（现荷兰）行会民兵。于是英法在1303年签订Treaty of Paris。并且在1308年，爱德华和腓力结为亲家。
2. 因为战争债台高筑，为筹措资金，放逐犹太人，搞通货膨胀，造成金融危机。
First, he arrested Jews so that he could seize their assets to accommodate the inflated costs of modern warfare, expelling them from his French territories on 22 July 1306. The Jews were regarded as honest, good businessmen who satisfied their customers, while the king's collectors were universally unpopular. Finally, in 1315（已经是Louis X在位）, because of the "clamor of the people", the Jews were invited back with an offer of 12 years of guaranteed residence, free from government interference. Jews were to wear an armband at all times. In 1322, the Jews were expelled again by the King's successor Charles IV, who did not honor his commitment.
A second group of targets consisted of rich abbots男修道院院长 and Lombard merchants (northern Italy), who had earlier made him extensive loans on the pledge of repayment from future taxation. Like the Jews, the Lombard bankers were expelled from France and their property expropriated. In addition to these measures, Philip debased the French coinage, which had a harsh impact on all less-wealthy people of France. This financial crisis led to rioting in Paris which forced Philip to briefly seek refuge in the Paris Temple - headquarters of the Knights Templar, 即圣殿骑士团。后面看看他是如何恩将仇报的。
3. 杀教皇，改教廷到Avignon
Philip IV与教皇之间的矛盾愈演愈烈。一开始是将所有宗教人员的税率调高到50%，教廷异常愤怒，Pope Boniface VIII直接发布命令，任何基督教机构不再向法国皇室转移任何财产。Philip IV召开了第一次三级会议，企图利用民众声音来贬低教皇。This assembly, which was composed of clergy, nobles, and burghers, gave support to Philip. 腓力四世直接派了自己的谋士去逮捕教皇 sent his agent Guillaume de Nogaret to arrest Boniface at Anagni. The pope escaped but died soon afterward. The French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as Clement V and thus began the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy (1309–77), during which the official seat of the papacy moved to Avignon, an enclave surrounded by French territories, and was subjected to French control.
4. 摧毁圣殿骑士团
腓力四世想搞死圣殿骑士团主要有两个原因吧，我感觉，第一是削弱教宗力量，巩固集权；第二是自己欠了他们太多钱了。
At daybreak on Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of Templars in France were simultaneously arrested by agents of Philip the Fair, to be later tortured into admitting heresy in the Order. The Templars were supposedly answerable to only the Pope, but Philip used his influence over Clement V, who was largely his pawn, to disband the organization. Pope Clement did attempt to hold proper trials, but Philip used the previously forced confessions to have many Templars burned at the stake before they could mount a proper defense.
腓力四世1268-1314活了46岁，算是中世纪平均年龄吧，在位接近30年，没有发生什么狗血的事情。不过他的子女们，个个都相当精彩。
腓力四世有三个儿子，Louis，Philip，Charles，全部都做了法国国王，全部都很短命。Louis娶了 Margaret, the daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy. Philip娶了Joan，the eldest daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy。 Charles娶了Blanche, another of Otto's daughters。他有一个女儿，嫁给了英国国王Edward II。
这三个儿子的婚姻都有点不正常。Louis' is considered to have been an unhappy match; Louis, known as "the Quarreler" and "the Headstrong", is said to have preferred playing real tennis to spending time with the "feisty and shapely" Margaret. Charles, a relatively conservative, "strait-laced" and "stiff-necked" individual, had an unexceptional marriage. Philip, in contrast, became noted for his unusual generosity to his wife Joan; the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time and Philip wrote numerous, if formulaic, love letters to his wife over the years.
他的女儿也许嫁了个gay或者bi，最后也许因爱生恨杀了自己老公。Isabella's marriage proved difficult, largely due to Edward's intimate relationship with his close friend and possible lover, Piers Gaveston (这哥们三次被流放三次被召回最后被贵族忍无可忍谋杀了的牛x爱情故事我们下次再细讲）. Isabella looked frequently to her father for help addressing the problems in her English marriage. Isabella's own marriage failed catastrophically in due course, with many historians believing that she was responsible for the murder of her husband Edward in 1327 after Isabella's seizure of power in England with her lover Roger de Mortimer in 1326.
Isabella首先发现了自己两个嫂嫂与两个骑士的奸情，Margaret和Blanche，并报告给了父亲腓力四世。腓力四世自然大怒。这个巨大的王室丑闻被称为Tour de Nesle affair。因为这个塔是这两对私会的地方。Blanche and Margaret were tried before the Paris Parlement and found guilty of adultery. The two women had their heads shaven and were sentenced to life imprisonment. Joan was also tried before the Parlement but was found innocent, partially as a result of her husband Philip's influence. 不知道是不是受这件事情影响，腓力四世同一年就去世了。
这件历史性丑闻的影响直接导致了法国不承认女性后裔的继承权，所以法国从来没有女王。The affair badly damaged the reputation of women in senior French circles, contributing to the way that the Salic Law was implemented during subsequent arguments over the succession to the throne.
Louis作为大儿子继承王位，半年后Margaret在地牢里去世了（很可能是被毒杀）。Louis在她死后5天就再婚，对象是Clementia of Hungary, the niece of Louis' own uncle Charles of Valois. Louis X死得也是很好笑，following a particularly exhausting tennis game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of poisoning Clementia给他生下了一个儿子John，但5天后就一命呜呼了。还是得了个谥号John I the Posthumous遗腹子。因为恰好因为打网球死掉了，Louis X成为历史上第一位有记载的网球选手。
老爸Philip IV是个改革派，他的政治理想是中央集权，所以他决策不依赖贵族更多是用自己的谋士，而看看中国历史就知道商鞅啊王安石这一类改革派的下场都不怎么好。Louis X即位后，很依赖叔叔Charles of Valois，这个人自然支持封建制，并视腓力四世的谋士们为眼中钉。他一开始怂恿Louis X用贪污的罪名栽赃Enguerrand de Marigny结果不太好使。于是就改用了巫术/黑魔法socery的罪名。这一招迅速凑效，谋士Enguerrand de Marigny被砍了头。自古罪名都是越莫须有越好用啊。
Philip V the tall，Louis X的弟弟，继承了王位。在位仅六年就死于痢疾，没有留下男性继承人。Philip V出人意料是个相当有政治才能的君主。Modern historians have described Philip V as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of Philip IV's three sons. 他建立了独立的财政部门，统一度量衡，改革货币，平定Flanders叛乱，缓和犹太人问题。 Amongst Philip's key appointments was the later cardinal Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years.
Charles IV, Louis X和Philip V的弟弟，继承了王位，是卡佩王朝最后一位君主。外号也叫the Fair，是个帅哥。由于老婆被抓奸，他继承王位之后就annul婚姻，把老婆送去修道院，另外娶了Marie of Luxembourg, the daughter of Henry VII, the Holy Roman Emperor, 娃早产的时候死了。第三个老婆叫Jeanne d'Évreux: she was his first cousin, and the marriage required approval from Pope John XXII.
Charles没有什么政治觉悟，也搞通货膨胀、征税什么的，不得人心。在位六年，没有留下男性继承人。他的堂弟Philip of Valois继承王位成为Philip VI，瓦卢瓦王朝的第一位君主。由于Charles的妹妹Isabella嫁给了英国Edward II并且生了Edward III，所以英国人觉得自己对法国王位也有主张权。当然主要还是因为连着三个短命的法国国王，加上腓力四世穷兵黩武，法国元气大伤，才让英国觉得有可乘之机，终于开始了百年战争的序幕。
我本来以为下面就可以开始写百年战争了，但是我突然发现Isabella是个大人物啊！这个姑娘竟然从哥哥手里拿了钱雇了雇佣军，打回了英国，抓了自己老公，自己和情人当了摄政王，最后安享晚年。这是多么励志的故事！
瓦卢瓦王朝，百年战争
第一集：
百年战争前半
第二集：
圣女贞德
war of roses
都铎王朝
Henry VII attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the civil war. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
第三集：
查理十一
勃艮第
第四集：
查尔斯五世神圣罗马帝国
西班牙属于神圣罗马帝国
Francis first 政治上非常幼稚
Francis I of France
A prodigious patron of the arts, he initiated the French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work on the Château de Chambord, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired.
Field of the Cloth of Gold
he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir
亨利八世不爱江山爱美人，女儿是伊丽莎白一世Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled.
Anne Boleyn
She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, which her sister Mary had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not annul the marriage, the breaking of the Catholic Church's power in England began.
Because she never had a son, Henry was courting Jane Seymour. In order to marry Jane Seymour, Henry had to find reasons to end the marriage to Anne. She was beheaded.
法国查理八世狗血
死于撞上门框
中世纪jp morgan，发明了利息