Howl ---Allen Ginsberg I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical *, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flats floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofs illuminated, who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among the scholars of war, who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull, who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terror through the wall, who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York, who ate fire in paint hotels or drank turpentine in Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their torsos night after night with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, al- cohol and cock and endless balls, incomparable blind; streets of shuddering cloud and lightning in the mind leaping toward poles of Canada & Paterson, illuminating all the mo- tionless world of Time between, Peyote solidities of halls, backyard green tree cemetery dawns, wine drunkenness over the rooftops, storefront boroughs of teahead joyride neon blinking traffic light, sun and moon and tree vibrations in the roaring winter dusks of Brook- lyn, ashcan rantings and kind king light of mind, who chained themselves to subways for the endless ride from Battery to holy Bronx on benzedrine until the noise of wheels and children brought them down shuddering mouth-wracked and battered bleak of brain all drained of brilliance in the drear light of Zoo, who sank all night in submarine light of Bickford's floated out and sat through the stale beer after noon in desolate Fugazzi's, listening to the crack of doom on the hydrogen jukebox, who talked continuously seventy hours from park to pad to bar to Bellevue to museum to the Brook- lyn Bridge, lost battalion of platonic conversationalists jumping down the stoops off fire escapes off windowsills off Empire State out of the moon, yacketayakking screaming vomiting whispering facts and memories and anecdotes and eyeball kicks and shocks of hospitals and jails and wars, whole intellects disgorged in total recall for seven days and nights with brilliant eyes, meat for the Synagogue cast on the pavement, who vanished into nowhere Zen New Jersey leaving a trail of ambiguous picture postcards of Atlantic City Hall, suffering Eastern sweats and Tangerian bone-grind- ings and migraines of China under junk-with- drawal in Newark's bleak furnished room, who wandered around and around at midnight in the railroad yard wondering where to go, and went, leaving no broken hearts, who lit cigarettes in boxcars boxcars boxcars racketing through snow toward lonesome farms in grand- father night, who studied Plotinus Poe St. John of the Cross telep- athy and bop kabbalah because the cosmos in- stinctively vibrated at their feet in Kansas, who loned it through the streets of Idaho seeking vis- ionary indian angels who were visionary indian angels, who thought they were only mad when Baltimore gleamed in supernatural ecstasy, who jumped in limousines with the Chinaman of Okla- homa on the impulse of winter midnight street light smalltown rain, who lounged hungry and lonesome through Houston seeking jazz or sex or soup, and followed the brilliant Spaniard to converse about America and Eternity, a hopeless task, and so took ship to Africa, who disappeared into the volcanoes of Mexico leaving behind nothing but the shadow of dungarees and the lava and ash of poetry scattered in fire place Chicago, who reappeared on the West Coast investigating the F.B.I. in beards and shorts with big pacifist eyes sexy in their dark skin passing out incom- prehensible leaflets, who burned cigarette holes in their arms protesting the narcotic tobacco haze of Capitalism, who distributed Supercommunist pamphlets in Union Square weeping and undressing while the sirens of Los Alamos wailed them down, and wailed down Wall, and the Staten Island ferry also wailed, who broke down crying in white gymnasiums * and trembling before the machinery of other skeletons, who bit detectives in the neck and shrieked with delight in policecars for committing no crime but their own wild cooking pederasty and intoxication, who howled on their knees in the subway and were dragged off the roof waving genitals and manu- scripts, who let themselves be *ed in the ass by saintly motorcyclists, and screamed with joy, who blew and were blown by those human seraphim, the sailors, caresses of Atlantic and Caribbean love, who balled in the morning in the evenings in rose gardens and the grass of public parks and cemeteries scattering their semen freely to whomever come who may, who hiccuped endlessly trying to giggle but wound up with a sob behind a partition in a Turkish Bath when the blond & * angel came to pierce them with a sword, who lost their loveboys to the three old shrews of fate the one eyed shrew of the heterosexual dollar the one eyed shrew that winks out of the womb and the one eyed shrew that does nothing but sit on her ass and snip the intellectual golden threads of the craftsman's loom, who copulated ecstatic and insatiate with a bottle of beer a sweetheart a package of cigarettes a can- dle and fell off the bed, and continued along the floor and down the hall and ended fainting on the wall with a vision of ultimate cunt and come eluding the last gyzym of consciousness, who sweetened the snatches of a million girls trembling in the sunset, and were red eyed in the morning but prepared to sweeten the snatch of the sun rise, flashing buttocks under barns and * in the lake, who went out whoring through Colorado in myriad stolen night-cars, N.C., secret hero of these poems, cocksman and Adonis of Denver-joy to the memory of his innumerable lays of girls in empty lots & diner backyards, moviehouses' rickety rows, on mountaintops in caves or with gaunt waitresses in familiar roadside lonely pet- ticoat upliftings & especially secret gas-station solipsisms of johns, & hometown alleys too, who faded out in vast sordid movies, were shifted in dreams, woke on a sudden Manhattan, and picked themselves up out of basements hung over with heartless Tokay and horrors of Third Avenue iron dreams & stumbled to unemploy- ment offices, who walked all night with their shoes full of blood on the snowbank docks waiting for a door in the East River to open to a room full of steamheat and opium, who created great suicidal dramas on the apartment cliff-banks of the Hudson under the wartime blue floodlight of the moon & their heads shall be crowned with laurel in oblivion, who ate the lamb stew of the imagination or digested the crab at the muddy bottom of the rivers of Bowery, who wept at the romance of the streets with their pushcarts full of onions and bad music, who sat in boxes breathing in the darkness under the bridge, and rose up to build harpsichords in their lofts, who coughed on the sixth floor of Harlem crowned with flame under the tubercular sky surrounded by orange crates of theology, who scribbled all night rocking and rolling over lofty incantations which in the yellow morning were stanzas of gibberish, who cooked rotten animals lung heart feet tail borsht & tortillas dreaming of the pure vegetable kingdom, who plunged themselves under meat trucks looking for an egg, who threw their watches off the roof to cast their ballot for Eternity outside of Time, & alarm clocks fell on their heads every day for the next decade, who cut their wrists three times successively unsuccess- fully, gave up and were forced to open antique stores where they thought they were growing old and cried, who were burned alive in their innocent flannel suits on Madison Avenue amid blasts of leaden verse & the tanked-up clatter of the iron regiments of fashion & the nitroglycerine shrieks of the fairies of advertising & the mustard gas of sinis- ter intelligent editors, or were run down by the drunken taxicabs of Absolute Reality, who jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge this actually hap- pened and walked away unknown and forgotten into the ghostly daze of Chinatown soup alley ways & firetrucks, not even one free beer, who sang out of their windows in despair, fell out of the subway window, jumped in the filthy Pas- saic, leaped on negroes, cried all over the street, danced on broken wineglasses barefoot smashed phonograph records of nostalgic European 1930s German jazz finished the whiskey and threw up groaning into the bloody toilet, moans in their ears and the blast of colossal steam whistles, who barreled down the highways of the past journeying to each other's hotrod-Golgotha jail-solitude watch or Birmingham jazz incarnation, who drove crosscountry seventytwo hours to find out if I had a vision or you had a vision or he had a vision to find out Eternity, who journeyed to Denver, who died in Denver, who came back to Denver & waited in vain, who watched over Denver & brooded & loned in Denver and finally went away to find out the Time, & now Denver is lonesome for her heroes, who fell on their knees in hopeless cathedrals praying for each other's salvation and light and breasts, until the soul illuminated its hair for a second, who crashed through their minds in jail waiting for impossible criminals with golden heads and the charm of reality in their hearts who sang sweet blues to Alcatraz, who retired to Mexico to cultivate a habit, or Rocky Mount to tender Buddha or Tangiers to boys or Southern Pacific to the black locomotive or Harvard to Narcissus to Woodlawn to the daisychain or grave, who demanded sanity trials accusing the radio of hyp notism & were left with their insanity & their hands & a hung jury, who threw potato salad at CCNY lecturers on Dadaism and subsequently presented themselves on the granite steps of the madhouse with shaven heads and harlequin speech of suicide, demanding in- stantaneous lobotomy, and who were given instead the concrete void of insulin Metrazol electricity hydrotherapy psycho- therapy occupational therapy pingpong & amnesia, who in humorless protest overturned only one symbolic pingpong table, resting briefly in catatonia, returning years later truly bald except for a wig of blood, and tears and fingers, to the visible mad man doom of the wards of the madtowns of the East, Pilgrim State's Rockland's and Greystone's foetid halls, bickering with the echoes of the soul, rock- ing and rolling in the midnight solitude-bench dolmen-realms of love, dream of life a night- mare, bodies turned to stone as heavy as the moon, with mother finally ******, and the last fantastic book flung out of the tenement window, and the last door closed at 4. A.M. and the last telephone slammed at the wall in reply and the last fur- nished room emptied down to the last piece of mental furniture, a yellow paper rose twisted on a wire hanger in the closet, and even that imaginary, nothing but a hopeful little bit of hallucination ah, Carl, while you are not safe I am not safe, and now you're really in the total animal soup of time and who therefore ran through the icy streets obsessed with a sudden flash of the alchemy of the use of the ellipse the catalog the meter & the vibrat- ing plane, who dreamt and made incarnate gaps in Time & Space through images juxtaposed, and trapped the archangel of the soul between 2 visual images and joined the elemental verbs and set the noun and dash of consciousness together jumping with sensation of Pater Omnipotens Aeterna Deus to recreate the syntax and measure of poor human prose and stand before you speechless and intel- ligent and shaking with shame, rejected yet con- fessing out the soul to conform to the rhythm of thought in his * and endless head, the madman bum and angel beat in Time, unknown, yet putting down here what might be left to say in time come after death, and rose reincarnate in the ghostly clothes of jazz in the goldhorn shadow of the band and blew the suffering of America's * mind for love into an eli eli lamma lamma sabacthani saxophone cry that shivered the cities down to the last radio with the absolute heart of the poem of life butchered out of their own bodies good to eat a thousand years. II What sphinx of cement and aluminum bashed open their skulls and ate up their brains and imagi- nation? Moloch! Solitude! Filth! Ugliness! Ashcans and unob tainable dollars! Children screaming under the stairways! Boys sobbing in armies! Old men weeping in the parks! Moloch! Moloch! Nightmare of Moloch! Moloch the loveless! Mental Moloch! Moloch the heavy judger of men! Moloch the incomprehensible prison! Moloch the crossbone soulless jailhouse and Congress of sorrows! Moloch whose buildings are judgment! Moloch the vast stone of war! Moloch the stun- ned governments! Moloch whose mind is pure machinery! Moloch whose blood is running money! Moloch whose fingers are ten armies! Moloch whose breast is a canni- bal dynamo! Moloch whose ear is a smoking tomb! Moloch whose eyes are a thousand blind windows! Moloch whose skyscrapers stand in the long streets like endless Jehovahs! Moloch whose fac- tories dream and croak in the fog! Moloch whose smokestacks and antennae crown the cities! Moloch whose love is endless oil and stone! Moloch whose soul is electricity and banks! Moloch whose poverty is the specter of genius! Moloch whose fate is a cloud of sexless hydrogen! Moloch whose name is the Mind! Moloch in whom I sit lonely! Moloch in whom I dream Angels! Crazy in Moloch! Cock*er in Moloch! Lacklove and manless in Moloch! Moloch who entered my soul early! Moloch in whom I am a consciousness without a body! Moloch who frightened me out of my natural ecstasy! Moloch whom I abandon! Wake up in Moloch! Light streaming out of the sky! Moloch! Moloch! Robot apartments! invisible suburbs! skeleton treasuries! blind capitals! demonic industries! spectral nations! invincible mad houses! granite cocks! monstrous bombs! They broke their backs lifting Moloch to Heaven! Pave- ments, trees, radios, tons! lifting the city to Heaven which exists and is everywhere about us! Visions! omens! hallucinations! miracles! ecstasies! gone down the American river! Dreams! adorations! illuminations! religions! the whole boatload of sensitive bullshit! Breakthroughs! over the river! flips and crucifixions! gone down the flood! Highs! Epiphanies! De- spairs! Ten years' animal screams and suicides! Minds! New loves! Mad generation! down on the rocks of Time! Real holy laughter in the river! They saw it all! the wild eyes! the holy yells! They bade farewell! They jumped off the roof! to solitude! waving! carrying flowers! Down to the river! into the street! III Carl Solomon! I'm with you in Rockland where you're madder than I am I'm with you in Rockland where you must feel very strange I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother I'm with you in Rockland where you've murdered your twelve secretaries I'm with you in Rockland where you laugh at this invisible humor I'm with you in Rockland where we are great writers on the same dreadful typewriter I'm with you in Rockland where your condition has become serious and is reported on the radio I'm with you in Rockland where the faculties of the skull no longer admit the worms of the senses I'm with you in Rockland where you drink the tea of the breasts of the spinsters of Utica I'm with you in Rockland where you pun on the bodies of your nurses the harpies of the Bronx I'm with you in Rockland where you scream in a straightjacket that you're losing the game of the actual pingpong of the abyss I'm with you in Rockland where you bang on the catatonic piano the soul is innocent and immortal it should never die ungodly in an armed madhouse I'm with you in Rockland where fifty more shocks will never return your soul to its body again from its pilgrimage to a cross in the void I'm with you in Rockland where you accuse your doctors of insanity and plot the Hebrew socialist revolution against the fascist national Golgotha I'm with you in Rockland where you will split the heavens of Long Island and resurrect your living human Jesus from the superhuman tomb I'm with you in Rockland where there are twenty-five-thousand mad com- rades all together singing the final stanzas of the Internationale I'm with you in Rockland where we hug and kiss the United States under our bedsheets the United States that coughs all night and won't let us sleep I'm with you in Rockland where we wake up electrified out of the coma by our own souls' airplanes roaring over the roof they've come to drop angelic bombs the hospital illuminates itself imaginary walls col- lapse O skinny legions run outside O starry spangled shock of mercy the eternal war is here O victory forget your underwear we're free I'm with you in Rockland in my dreams you walk dripping from a sea- journey on the highway across America in tears to the door of my cottage in the Western night
对于我浅薄的阅读经验来说,《HOWL》无疑是一种全面的颠覆。因为我从来没有在一种正式的文学范本中看到这么多对性、吸毒、荒诞体验的肯定。 对于有着强大惯性的平庸日常而言,《HOWL》更是一种异质的声音:充满了愤怒、轻蔑、反叛和——癫狂! 我不得不应用这样一种体制的称谓对《HOWL》进行介定:垮掉!但我同时感到了这个词的无力。 鲁迅先生说:“当我沉默的时候,我觉得充实;我将开口,同时感到空虚。” 《HOWL》给予我的震憾恰恰如此! 《HOWL》的开篇这样写道: I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical *, dragging themselves through the Negro streets at dawn look- ing for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly con- nection to the starring dynamo in the machinery of night …… 《HOWL》发表之初,在美国得到的更多是谴责。批评者认为《HOWL》是一个淫荡和不道德的作品。认为诗中描叙地“the best minds of my generation”不过是一群吸毒者、毒贩子、窃贼、酒鬼、滥交者、*者等社会渣滓;而GINSBERG的诗歌实际是吸毒产生幻觉发出的呓语,充其量是一种疯狂的自白。对于诗中的反叛精神,批评者则认为是企图以吸毒、滥交、*、流浪、犯罪来取代和谐的社会轶序和优良的传统道德观。 就像一枚金币的正面和反面,在《HOWL》对主流、社会、文化和体制的反对上,当时的赞同者也和反对者达成了惊人的共识。赞同者认为GINSBERG是一个“城市惠特曼”(urban whitman),诗中描写的性欲、吸毒、酗酒、闹事等等“劣迹”不仅是用反传统、反价值的方式向压抑人性、*自由的社会提出最强烈的抗议,也是用一种“新的身体语言”来唤醒“全体美国人民的潜意识”。 后来《HOWL》因此获罪,出版商和GINSBERG都被起诉。虽然最终被判定无罪,GINSBERG也因此一举成名。但时至今日,《HOWL》仍逃脱不了被人奉为意识形态斗争工具的命运! 而《HOWL》对存在的追问、焦虑;对所谓价值的否定,疑惑;对个人生存体验的肯定和认同却鲜有人提及甚至被逐渐遗忘! 也许日后功成名就的GINSBERG也在各种光环的掩映下逐渐失去了做为一个伟大诗人的部分勇气吧!一直以来,我总以为无论是GINSBERG后来的《加利福尼亚超市》还是他的诗集《kaddish and other poems》、《Empty mirror》等等都无法超越《HOWL》。 《加利福尼亚超市》虽然在形式上与《HOWL》有相似之处,但在语言的张力以及内容的震憾性上,似乎比《HOWL》弱很多。尽管有评论认为Gingsberg在《加利福尼亚超市》中表达了对美国自惠特曼时代以来物质极大丰裕和精神极度贫穷的悲叹,但我觉得《加利福利亚超市》在一系列感叹和疑问的形式下,比之《HOWL》少了不知多少才情和迷狂! 也许《哀悼祈祷文》是GINSBERG后期唯一可以接近《HOWL》天才绝唱的诗歌吧。我手头关于GINSBERG的评论资料中有这么一段话:《哀悼祈祷文》是“一个痛苦的呐喊,一个回忆的呼喊,一个爱的呼唤,也许是垮掉派最优秀的诗作”。虽然最后一句让人恶心,但也确实部分的道出了《哀悼祈祷文》之所以优秀的原因。 但只有《HOWL》真正让GINSBERG成为了那个狂放的、大胆的、不羁的GINSBERG! 在《HOWL》的序言中,这个天才而迷狂的GINSBERG写道: “抓紧你们的裙子,女士们,我们开始下地狱啦。” 多年以来,这句话被反复引用,并一再被注解为:GINSBERG在诗中描写的地狱就是美国。 一个富含巨大张力的象征从此肢解,变得实际而功利。整个《HOWL》也开始被噩梦般的误读:存在的焦虑不见了,对价值的否定不见了;对生和死的追问反思,对个人极致体验的肯定认同统统化归为一个平淡而实用的目标,即对一种邪恶社会体制的嘲讽。 不知道GINSBERG有没有看过萨特的话剧《间隔》,并在其中受到启发,创造了自己的隐喻?:三个死去的人被打入地狱,但这个地狱与神话中描绘的全不一样,只是一个出不去的房间。这三个人,一个男人是报社记者、胆小鬼加尔森,两个女人分别是*者伊内丝,**、杀婴犯艾丝黛尔。他们无法避免互相冲突,互相折磨,发现自己总处在他人的注视之下,他人就是地狱。 当他在《HOWL》中真实记录了自己以及凯鲁亚特、巴勒斯、沆克、卡萨迪、所罗门的生活,并悲叹他这“一代人的精英”,却“被一种疯狂毁灭”,沦为流浪汉、瘾君子、边缘人和“垮掉的一代”时,不知道他心中的愤怒和轻蔑是否也和地狱一样无可比拟地深? 当molock凶神无所不在时,年轻的GINSBERG是否也充满了绝望呢? 也许一切都是猜测。因为真正的诗就是不能确切可指的。当我在第三节读到这样的诗句: Carl Solomon! I’m wish you in Rackland Where you’re madder than I am I’m with you in Rockland Where you must fell very strange I’m with you in Rockland Where you imitate the shade of my mother I’m with you in Rockland Where you’re murdered your twelve secretaries …… GINSBERG 对所有叛逆斗士/牺牲者/献祭者的爱意和怜惜通过给Carl Solomon的这些语感像冰雹一样密集的诗句一下子击中了我。 也许凯鲁亚克(Jack kerouac)才是知悉青年GINSBERG伟大心灵的第一人。当1955年旅居墨西哥的凯鲁亚克收到GINSBERG寄来的长诗将此诗题名“howl”时,也许他已深深感到诗中所表达的所有思想与情感全都发自人类的心灵深处。 让我们简单回顾一下Allen Ginsberg不凡的生平: ALLEN GINSBERG,出生于新泽西州的诺瓦克市佩特逊镇。父亲路易.金斯堡是一位中学英语教师,也是当地小有名气的诗人;母亲诺米.莱维.金斯堡曾是美**员和激进左翼组织的成员,还在金斯堡的孩提时代,就因美国政府对*人的残酷*得了精神恐惧症,住进精神病院,直至去世。母亲的不幸遭遇在金斯堡幼小的心灵里留下了巨大的创伤,并极大地影响着他后来的生活与创作。 1943年金斯堡进入纽约哥伦比亚大学,在莱昂内尔.屈林等著名文学教授影响下开始对文学发生浓厚兴趣。1945年金斯堡应征入伍,但很快因第二次世界大战结束而退伍,并重回哥伦比亚大学,同时开始练习写作。1947年1月金斯堡结识了尼尔.卡萨迪,一位对“垮掉的一代”产生重要影响的人物。两人随即发生*关系;不久他又认识了毒贩子赫伯特.沆克,从此麻烦不断。1949年4月22日沆克因涉嫌偷盗而被捕入狱,并判刑五年。金斯堡也因窝赃同谋一同被捕,后以精神障碍为由进哥伦比亚精神病院治疗。在精神病院他结识了同为病人的卡尔.所罗门。在金斯堡眼里,所罗门是一个“疯圣”,其怪诞的行为表达了对理性社会的反叛和对人类苦难的洞察。1955年10月金斯堡在旧金山的“六号美术馆”举办了一次诗歌朗诵会,并在会上朗诵了《HOWL》一诗。第二年,旧金山的“城市之光”出版社发表了诗集《Howl and Other poems》,金斯堡一举成名。 也许《HOWL》的题献者Carl Solomon只不过是Ginsberg心中所有洞察人类生存苦难的反叛者——包括Ginsberg本人——的缩影吧! Ginsberg因《HOWL》而伟大,《HOWL》也因如此真实地表达了细微个体生命的真实存在以及为不屈的灵魂提供了一个有意义地出口而不朽,从而影响了一个时代! 在拙文的结尾,我其实更愿意用《HOWL》序言中的那句话做个了结:“抓紧你们的裙子,女士们,我们开始下地狱啦!”
错失良机,自然懊悔不迭,但内心仍然克制不住对电影《嚎叫》的强烈兴趣和好奇。第二日即10月7日(也是金斯堡在旧金山第六画廊公开朗诵《嚎叫》55周年纪念日),我只身前往纽黑文小城的包铁院线自费观看,实地感受一下美国的电影文化。我提前一刻钟到达影院,空荡荡的大厅里只有我一人。电影开始播放时,才又陆续来了另外五位观众。稀落的景象与昨日的“叫座”形成巨大的反差。看来,所谓的“盛况”只是特殊环境中的特殊现象而已,个中原因应该有三:一是免费,二是有现场点评,三是电影在合适的地点遇到了合适的观众。仔细比较美国包铁院线正在上映的10部片子,《嚎叫》的观众人数和影院评级一直垫底。而美国同期票房冠亚军则是高投资、大制作、讲述财富故事的《社交网络》(The Social Network)和《华尔街:金钱永不眠》(Wall Street:Money Never Sleeps)。同期上映的根据当代英国小说家石黑一雄(Kazuo Ishiguro)小说改编的电影《千万别丢下我》(Never Let Me Go)因为探讨克隆人的内心世界与伦理问题,在院线的排行榜上比《嚎叫》略微靠前。2010年初,《嚎叫》曾作为圣丹斯电影节的开幕影片放映,反响并不强烈。后来参加柏林电影节,虽然它让部分专业人士津津乐道,但影视界的评价仍有褒有贬。
此外,影片中值得深入探讨的还有诗歌阐释的法学途径。作为西方后现代法律运动的分支,“法律与文学”提供了文学批评的法律视角。国内外活跃在此领域的学者大多是法律学者,他们的研究主要侧重于法学层面的探讨,文学作品只是借鸡下蛋或借酒浇愁的手段,或是探究法学问题的生动素材。例如,美国著名法学家波斯纳(Richard Posner)在《法律与文学》(Law and Literature)一书中对《威尼斯商人》的探讨,完全着眼于法庭审判过程中的技术细节与法理问题,严格地来说,是不能作为对《威尼斯商人》的一种批评解读。同样,中国学者朱苏力的《法律与文学》探讨了大量中国戏剧经典,但根底上的法学主旨决定了此书仍然是法学研究,相关文学作品只不过是探究法学问题的历史文献而已。影片《嚎叫》中的审判与当时英国轰动一时的《查特莱夫人的情人》“诲淫案”一样,都涉及到法律对文学的管制问题。也许在法学家的眼里,审判的过程与细节可以成为反思法学问题或完善法律条款的切入口;但是从文艺研究的角度来看,其中则隐含着对文学作品进行法律评价的重要内涵。例如,控辩律师对涉嫌“淫秽”的陈词或辩论,被演绎成了从正反两个维度对诗歌所进行的美学阐释。影片结尾,法官对案件的无罪宣判演说,更是基于法学视角对《嚎叫》一诗所作出的特殊批评:“此诗虽然有粗鄙与下流的语言,但这是诗歌描写所必不可少的!”这是法官对诗歌价值的肯定,也是法律向文学的致敬。
4月12日,在他经常出没的纽约下东区的圣马可教堂里,上千名他的朋友、他的拥戴者聚集起来纪念这位伟大的诗人、仁慈聪慧的朋友——Lou Reed、Patti Smith、Sonic Youth乐队的Lee Ranaldo、诗人Amiri Baraka……Patti Smith唱起Hank Williams的经典布鲁斯歌曲《I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry》,她说金斯堡是她的榜样,她将永远追随他。
第三位出场的证人Luther Nichols是《旧金山纪事报》的文学评论家,他的观点与伯克利的教授比较接近,《嚎叫》描绘了一群流浪者在路上的那种生活经验,其中包括性经验。教授和评论家在词语的选择上都比金斯伯格来得缓和很多,他们用那些不容易引起联想的生理学术语,比如copulation。诗人用fucked in the ass。检察官追问诗中的个别描述是否涉及淫秽,评论家说那只能算猜测。言下之意,诗句不能作为定罪的事实依据。
I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical *,
dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix,
angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night,
who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flats
floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz,
who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofs
illuminated,
who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among the
scholars of war,
who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull,
who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terror
through the wall,
who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York,
who ate fire in paint hotels or drank turpentine in Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their torsos night after night
with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, al- cohol and cock and endless balls,
incomparable blind; streets of shuddering cloud and lightning in the mind leaping toward poles of Canada &
Paterson, illuminating all the mo- tionless world of Time between,
Peyote solidities of halls, backyard green tree cemetery dawns, wine drunkenness over the rooftops, storefront
boroughs of teahead joyride neon blinking traffic light, sun and moon and tree vibrations in the roaring winter dusks
of Brook- lyn, ashcan rantings and kind king light of mind,
who chained themselves to subways for the endless ride from Battery to holy Bronx on benzedrine until the noise of
wheels and children brought them down shuddering mouth-wracked and battered bleak of brain all drained of
brilliance in the drear light of Zoo,
who sank all night in submarine light of Bickford's floated out and sat through the stale beer after noon in desolate
Fugazzi's, listening to the crack of doom on the hydrogen jukebox,
who talked continuously seventy hours from park to pad to bar to Bellevue to museum to the Brook- lyn Bridge,
lost battalion of platonic conversationalists jumping down the stoops off fire escapes off windowsills off Empire State
out of the moon,
yacketayakking screaming vomiting whispering facts and memories and anecdotes and eyeball kicks and shocks of
hospitals and jails and wars,
whole intellects disgorged in total recall for seven days and nights with brilliant eyes, meat for the Synagogue cast on
the pavement,
who vanished into nowhere Zen New Jersey leaving a trail of ambiguous picture postcards of Atlantic City Hall,
suffering Eastern sweats and Tangerian bone-grind- ings and migraines of China under junk-with- drawal in
Newark's bleak furnished room,
who wandered around and around at midnight in the railroad yard wondering where to go, and went, leaving no
broken hearts,
who lit cigarettes in boxcars boxcars boxcars racketing through snow toward lonesome farms in grand- father night,
who studied Plotinus Poe St. John of the Cross telep- athy and bop kabbalah because the cosmos in- stinctively
vibrated at their feet in Kansas,
who loned it through the streets of Idaho seeking vis- ionary indian angels who were visionary indian angels,
who thought they were only mad when Baltimore gleamed in supernatural ecstasy,
who jumped in limousines with the Chinaman of Okla- homa on the impulse of winter midnight street light smalltown
rain,
who lounged hungry and lonesome through Houston seeking jazz or sex or soup, and followed the brilliant Spaniard
to converse about America and Eternity, a hopeless task, and so took ship to Africa,
who disappeared into the volcanoes of Mexico leaving behind nothing but the shadow of dungarees and the lava and
ash of poetry scattered in fire place Chicago,
who reappeared on the West Coast investigating the F.B.I. in beards and shorts with big pacifist eyes sexy in their
dark skin passing out incom- prehensible leaflets,
who burned cigarette holes in their arms protesting the narcotic tobacco haze of Capitalism,
who distributed Supercommunist pamphlets in Union Square weeping and undressing while the sirens of Los Alamos
wailed them down, and wailed down Wall, and the Staten Island ferry also wailed,
who broke down crying in white gymnasiums * and trembling before the machinery of other skeletons,
who bit detectives in the neck and shrieked with delight in policecars for committing no crime but their own wild
cooking pederasty and intoxication,
who howled on their knees in the subway and were dragged off the roof waving genitals and manu- scripts,
who let themselves be *ed in the ass by saintly motorcyclists, and screamed with joy,
who blew and were blown by those human seraphim, the sailors, caresses of Atlantic and Caribbean love,
who balled in the morning in the evenings in rose gardens and the grass of public parks and cemeteries scattering
their semen freely to whomever come who may,
who hiccuped endlessly trying to giggle but wound up with a sob behind a partition in a Turkish Bath when the blond
& * angel came to pierce them with a sword,
who lost their loveboys to the three old shrews of fate the one eyed shrew of the heterosexual dollar the one eyed
shrew that winks out of the womb and the one eyed shrew that does nothing but sit on her ass and snip the intellectual
golden threads of the craftsman's loom,
who copulated ecstatic and insatiate with a bottle of beer a sweetheart a package of cigarettes a can- dle and fell off
the bed, and continued along the floor and down the hall and ended fainting on the wall with a vision of ultimate cunt
and come eluding the last gyzym of consciousness,
who sweetened the snatches of a million girls trembling in the sunset, and were red eyed in the morning but prepared
to sweeten the snatch of the sun rise, flashing buttocks under barns and * in the lake,
who went out whoring through Colorado in myriad stolen night-cars, N.C., secret hero of these poems, cocksman and
Adonis of Denver-joy to the memory of his innumerable lays of girls in empty lots & diner backyards, moviehouses'
rickety rows, on mountaintops in caves or with gaunt waitresses in familiar roadside lonely pet- ticoat upliftings &
especially secret gas-station solipsisms of johns, & hometown alleys too,
who faded out in vast sordid movies, were shifted in dreams, woke on a sudden Manhattan, and picked themselves up
out of basements hung over with heartless Tokay and horrors of Third Avenue iron dreams & stumbled to unemploy-
ment offices,
who walked all night with their shoes full of blood on the snowbank docks waiting for a door in the East River to open
to a room full of steamheat and opium,
who created great suicidal dramas on the apartment cliff-banks of the Hudson under the wartime blue floodlight of
the moon & their heads shall be crowned with laurel in oblivion,
who ate the lamb stew of the imagination or digested the crab at the muddy bottom of the rivers of Bowery,
who wept at the romance of the streets with their pushcarts full of onions and bad music,
who sat in boxes breathing in the darkness under the bridge, and rose up to build harpsichords in their lofts,
who coughed on the sixth floor of Harlem crowned with flame under the tubercular sky surrounded by orange crates
of theology,
who scribbled all night rocking and rolling over lofty incantations which in the yellow morning were stanzas of
gibberish,
who cooked rotten animals lung heart feet tail borsht & tortillas dreaming of the pure vegetable kingdom,
who plunged themselves under meat trucks looking for an egg,
who threw their watches off the roof to cast their ballot for Eternity outside of Time, & alarm clocks fell on their
heads every day for the next decade,
who cut their wrists three times successively unsuccess- fully, gave up and were forced to open antique stores where
they thought they were growing old and cried,
who were burned alive in their innocent flannel suits on Madison Avenue amid blasts of leaden verse & the tanked-up
clatter of the iron regiments of fashion & the nitroglycerine shrieks of the fairies of advertising & the mustard gas of
sinis- ter intelligent editors, or were run down by the drunken taxicabs of Absolute Reality,
who jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge this actually hap- pened and walked away unknown and forgotten into the
ghostly daze of Chinatown soup alley ways & firetrucks, not even one free beer,
who sang out of their windows in despair, fell out of the subway window, jumped in the filthy Pas- saic, leaped on
negroes, cried all over the street, danced on broken wineglasses barefoot smashed phonograph records of nostalgic
European 1930s German jazz finished the whiskey and threw up groaning into the bloody toilet, moans in their ears
and the blast of colossal steam whistles,
who barreled down the highways of the past journeying to each other's hotrod-Golgotha jail-solitude watch or
Birmingham jazz incarnation,
who drove crosscountry seventytwo hours to find out if I had a vision or you had a vision or he had a vision to find
out Eternity,
who journeyed to Denver, who died in Denver, who came back to Denver & waited in vain, who watched over Denver
& brooded & loned in Denver and finally went away to find out the Time, & now Denver is lonesome for her heroes,
who fell on their knees in hopeless cathedrals praying for each other's salvation and light and breasts, until the soul
illuminated its hair for a second,
who crashed through their minds in jail waiting for impossible criminals with golden heads and the charm of reality in
their hearts who sang sweet blues to Alcatraz,
who retired to Mexico to cultivate a habit, or Rocky Mount to tender Buddha or Tangiers to boys or Southern Pacific
to the black locomotive or Harvard to Narcissus to Woodlawn to the daisychain or grave,
who demanded sanity trials accusing the radio of hyp notism & were left with their insanity & their hands & a hung
jury,
who threw potato salad at CCNY lecturers on Dadaism and subsequently presented themselves on the granite steps of
the madhouse with shaven heads and harlequin speech of suicide, demanding in- stantaneous lobotomy,
and who were given instead the concrete void of insulin Metrazol electricity hydrotherapy psycho- therapy
occupational therapy pingpong & amnesia,
who in humorless protest overturned only one symbolic pingpong table, resting briefly in catatonia,
returning years later truly bald except for a wig of blood, and tears and fingers, to the visible mad man doom of the
wards of the madtowns of the East,
Pilgrim State's Rockland's and Greystone's foetid halls, bickering with the echoes of the soul, rock- ing and rolling in
the midnight solitude-bench dolmen-realms of love, dream of life a night- mare, bodies turned to stone as heavy as the
moon,
with mother finally ******, and the last fantastic book flung out of the tenement window, and the last door closed at
4. A.M. and the last telephone slammed at the wall in reply and the last fur- nished room emptied down to the last
piece of mental furniture, a yellow paper rose twisted on a wire hanger in the closet, and even that imaginary, nothing
but a hopeful little bit of hallucination
ah, Carl, while you are not safe I am not safe, and now you're really in the total animal soup of time
and who therefore ran through the icy streets obsessed with a sudden flash of the alchemy of the use of the ellipse the
catalog the meter & the vibrat- ing plane,
who dreamt and made incarnate gaps in Time & Space through images juxtaposed, and trapped the archangel of the
soul between 2 visual images and joined the elemental verbs and set the noun and dash of consciousness together
jumping with sensation of Pater Omnipotens Aeterna Deus
to recreate the syntax and measure of poor human prose and stand before you speechless and intel- ligent and shaking
with shame, rejected yet con- fessing out the soul to conform to the rhythm of thought in his * and endless head,
the madman bum and angel beat in Time, unknown, yet putting down here what might be left to say in time come
after death,
and rose reincarnate in the ghostly clothes of jazz in the goldhorn shadow of the band and blew the suffering of
America's * mind for love into an eli eli lamma lamma sabacthani saxophone cry that shivered the cities down to
the last radio
with the absolute heart of the poem of life butchered out of their own bodies good to eat a thousand years.
II
What sphinx of cement and aluminum bashed open their skulls and ate up their brains and imagi- nation?
Moloch! Solitude! Filth! Ugliness! Ashcans and unob tainable dollars! Children screaming under the stairways! Boys
sobbing in armies! Old men weeping in the parks!
Moloch! Moloch! Nightmare of Moloch! Moloch the loveless! Mental Moloch! Moloch the heavy judger of men!
Moloch the incomprehensible prison! Moloch the crossbone soulless jailhouse and Congress of sorrows! Moloch whose
buildings are judgment! Moloch the vast stone of war! Moloch the stun- ned governments!
Moloch whose mind is pure machinery! Moloch whose blood is running money! Moloch whose fingers are ten armies!
Moloch whose breast is a canni- bal dynamo! Moloch whose ear is a smoking tomb!
Moloch whose eyes are a thousand blind windows! Moloch whose skyscrapers stand in the long streets like endless
Jehovahs! Moloch whose fac- tories dream and croak in the fog! Moloch whose smokestacks and antennae crown the
cities!
Moloch whose love is endless oil and stone! Moloch whose soul is electricity and banks! Moloch whose poverty is the
specter of genius! Moloch whose fate is a cloud of sexless hydrogen! Moloch whose name is the Mind!
Moloch in whom I sit lonely! Moloch in whom I dream Angels! Crazy in Moloch! Cock*er in Moloch! Lacklove and
manless in Moloch!
Moloch who entered my soul early! Moloch in whom I am a consciousness without a body! Moloch who frightened me
out of my natural ecstasy! Moloch whom I abandon! Wake up in Moloch! Light streaming out of the sky!
Moloch! Moloch! Robot apartments! invisible suburbs! skeleton treasuries! blind capitals! demonic industries! spectral
nations! invincible mad houses! granite cocks! monstrous bombs!
They broke their backs lifting Moloch to Heaven! Pave- ments, trees, radios, tons! lifting the city to Heaven which
exists and is everywhere about us!
Visions! omens! hallucinations! miracles! ecstasies! gone down the American river!
Dreams! adorations! illuminations! religions! the whole boatload of sensitive bullshit!
Breakthroughs! over the river! flips and crucifixions! gone down the flood! Highs! Epiphanies! De- spairs! Ten years'
animal screams and suicides! Minds! New loves! Mad generation! down on the rocks of Time!
Real holy laughter in the river! They saw it all! the wild eyes! the holy yells! They bade farewell! They jumped off the
roof! to solitude! waving! carrying flowers! Down to the river! into the street!
III
Carl Solomon! I'm with you in Rockland where you're madder than I am
I'm with you in Rockland where you must feel very strange
I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother
I'm with you in Rockland where you've murdered your twelve secretaries
I'm with you in Rockland where you laugh at this invisible humor
I'm with you in Rockland where we are great writers on the same dreadful typewriter
I'm with you in Rockland where your condition has become serious and is reported on the radio
I'm with you in Rockland where the faculties of the skull no longer admit the worms of the senses
I'm with you in Rockland where you drink the tea of the breasts of the spinsters of Utica
I'm with you in Rockland where you pun on the bodies of your nurses the harpies of the Bronx
I'm with you in Rockland where you scream in a straightjacket that you're losing the game of the actual pingpong of
the abyss
I'm with you in Rockland where you bang on the catatonic piano the soul is innocent and immortal it should never die
ungodly in an armed madhouse
I'm with you in Rockland where fifty more shocks will never return your soul to its body again from its pilgrimage to a
cross in the void
I'm with you in Rockland where you accuse your doctors of insanity and plot the Hebrew socialist revolution against
the fascist national Golgotha
I'm with you in Rockland where you will split the heavens of Long Island and resurrect your living human Jesus from
the superhuman tomb
I'm with you in Rockland where there are twenty-five-thousand mad com- rades all together singing the final stanzas
of the Internationale
I'm with you in Rockland where we hug and kiss the United States under our bedsheets the United States that coughs
all night and won't let us sleep
I'm with you in Rockland where we wake up electrified out of the coma by our own souls' airplanes roaring over the
roof they've come to drop angelic bombs the hospital illuminates itself imaginary walls col- lapse O skinny legions run
outside O starry spangled shock of mercy the eternal war is here O victory forget your underwear we're free
I'm with you in Rockland in my dreams you walk dripping from a sea- journey on the highway across America in tears
to the door of my cottage in the Western night
对于我浅薄的阅读经验来说,《HOWL》无疑是一种全面的颠覆。因为我从来没有在一种正式的文学范本中看到这么多对性、吸毒、荒诞体验的肯定。
对于有着强大惯性的平庸日常而言,《HOWL》更是一种异质的声音:充满了愤怒、轻蔑、反叛和——癫狂!
我不得不应用这样一种体制的称谓对《HOWL》进行介定:垮掉!但我同时感到了这个词的无力。
鲁迅先生说:“当我沉默的时候,我觉得充实;我将开口,同时感到空虚。”
《HOWL》给予我的震憾恰恰如此!
《HOWL》的开篇这样写道:
I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,
starving hysterical *,
dragging themselves through the Negro streets at dawn look-
ing for an angry fix,
angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly con-
nection to the starring dynamo in the
machinery of night ……
《HOWL》发表之初,在美国得到的更多是谴责。批评者认为《HOWL》是一个淫荡和不道德的作品。认为诗中描叙地“the best minds of my generation”不过是一群吸毒者、毒贩子、窃贼、酒鬼、滥交者、*者等社会渣滓;而GINSBERG的诗歌实际是吸毒产生幻觉发出的呓语,充其量是一种疯狂的自白。对于诗中的反叛精神,批评者则认为是企图以吸毒、滥交、*、流浪、犯罪来取代和谐的社会轶序和优良的传统道德观。
就像一枚金币的正面和反面,在《HOWL》对主流、社会、文化和体制的反对上,当时的赞同者也和反对者达成了惊人的共识。赞同者认为GINSBERG是一个“城市惠特曼”(urban whitman),诗中描写的性欲、吸毒、酗酒、闹事等等“劣迹”不仅是用反传统、反价值的方式向压抑人性、*自由的社会提出最强烈的抗议,也是用一种“新的身体语言”来唤醒“全体美国人民的潜意识”。
后来《HOWL》因此获罪,出版商和GINSBERG都被起诉。虽然最终被判定无罪,GINSBERG也因此一举成名。但时至今日,《HOWL》仍逃脱不了被人奉为意识形态斗争工具的命运!
而《HOWL》对存在的追问、焦虑;对所谓价值的否定,疑惑;对个人生存体验的肯定和认同却鲜有人提及甚至被逐渐遗忘!
也许日后功成名就的GINSBERG也在各种光环的掩映下逐渐失去了做为一个伟大诗人的部分勇气吧!一直以来,我总以为无论是GINSBERG后来的《加利福尼亚超市》还是他的诗集《kaddish and other poems》、《Empty mirror》等等都无法超越《HOWL》。
《加利福尼亚超市》虽然在形式上与《HOWL》有相似之处,但在语言的张力以及内容的震憾性上,似乎比《HOWL》弱很多。尽管有评论认为Gingsberg在《加利福尼亚超市》中表达了对美国自惠特曼时代以来物质极大丰裕和精神极度贫穷的悲叹,但我觉得《加利福利亚超市》在一系列感叹和疑问的形式下,比之《HOWL》少了不知多少才情和迷狂!
也许《哀悼祈祷文》是GINSBERG后期唯一可以接近《HOWL》天才绝唱的诗歌吧。我手头关于GINSBERG的评论资料中有这么一段话:《哀悼祈祷文》是“一个痛苦的呐喊,一个回忆的呼喊,一个爱的呼唤,也许是垮掉派最优秀的诗作”。虽然最后一句让人恶心,但也确实部分的道出了《哀悼祈祷文》之所以优秀的原因。
但只有《HOWL》真正让GINSBERG成为了那个狂放的、大胆的、不羁的GINSBERG!
在《HOWL》的序言中,这个天才而迷狂的GINSBERG写道:
“抓紧你们的裙子,女士们,我们开始下地狱啦。”
多年以来,这句话被反复引用,并一再被注解为:GINSBERG在诗中描写的地狱就是美国。
一个富含巨大张力的象征从此肢解,变得实际而功利。整个《HOWL》也开始被噩梦般的误读:存在的焦虑不见了,对价值的否定不见了;对生和死的追问反思,对个人极致体验的肯定认同统统化归为一个平淡而实用的目标,即对一种邪恶社会体制的嘲讽。
不知道GINSBERG有没有看过萨特的话剧《间隔》,并在其中受到启发,创造了自己的隐喻?:三个死去的人被打入地狱,但这个地狱与神话中描绘的全不一样,只是一个出不去的房间。这三个人,一个男人是报社记者、胆小鬼加尔森,两个女人分别是*者伊内丝,**、杀婴犯艾丝黛尔。他们无法避免互相冲突,互相折磨,发现自己总处在他人的注视之下,他人就是地狱。
当他在《HOWL》中真实记录了自己以及凯鲁亚特、巴勒斯、沆克、卡萨迪、所罗门的生活,并悲叹他这“一代人的精英”,却“被一种疯狂毁灭”,沦为流浪汉、瘾君子、边缘人和“垮掉的一代”时,不知道他心中的愤怒和轻蔑是否也和地狱一样无可比拟地深?
当molock凶神无所不在时,年轻的GINSBERG是否也充满了绝望呢?
也许一切都是猜测。因为真正的诗就是不能确切可指的。当我在第三节读到这样的诗句:
Carl Solomon! I’m wish you in Rackland
Where you’re madder than I am
I’m with you in Rockland
Where you must fell very strange
I’m with you in Rockland
Where you imitate the shade of my mother
I’m with you in Rockland
Where you’re murdered your twelve secretaries
……
GINSBERG 对所有叛逆斗士/牺牲者/献祭者的爱意和怜惜通过给Carl Solomon的这些语感像冰雹一样密集的诗句一下子击中了我。
也许凯鲁亚克(Jack kerouac)才是知悉青年GINSBERG伟大心灵的第一人。当1955年旅居墨西哥的凯鲁亚克收到GINSBERG寄来的长诗将此诗题名“howl”时,也许他已深深感到诗中所表达的所有思想与情感全都发自人类的心灵深处。
让我们简单回顾一下Allen Ginsberg不凡的生平:
ALLEN GINSBERG,出生于新泽西州的诺瓦克市佩特逊镇。父亲路易.金斯堡是一位中学英语教师,也是当地小有名气的诗人;母亲诺米.莱维.金斯堡曾是美**员和激进左翼组织的成员,还在金斯堡的孩提时代,就因美国政府对*人的残酷*得了精神恐惧症,住进精神病院,直至去世。母亲的不幸遭遇在金斯堡幼小的心灵里留下了巨大的创伤,并极大地影响着他后来的生活与创作。
1943年金斯堡进入纽约哥伦比亚大学,在莱昂内尔.屈林等著名文学教授影响下开始对文学发生浓厚兴趣。1945年金斯堡应征入伍,但很快因第二次世界大战结束而退伍,并重回哥伦比亚大学,同时开始练习写作。1947年1月金斯堡结识了尼尔.卡萨迪,一位对“垮掉的一代”产生重要影响的人物。两人随即发生*关系;不久他又认识了毒贩子赫伯特.沆克,从此麻烦不断。1949年4月22日沆克因涉嫌偷盗而被捕入狱,并判刑五年。金斯堡也因窝赃同谋一同被捕,后以精神障碍为由进哥伦比亚精神病院治疗。在精神病院他结识了同为病人的卡尔.所罗门。在金斯堡眼里,所罗门是一个“疯圣”,其怪诞的行为表达了对理性社会的反叛和对人类苦难的洞察。1955年10月金斯堡在旧金山的“六号美术馆”举办了一次诗歌朗诵会,并在会上朗诵了《HOWL》一诗。第二年,旧金山的“城市之光”出版社发表了诗集《Howl and Other poems》,金斯堡一举成名。
也许《HOWL》的题献者Carl Solomon只不过是Ginsberg心中所有洞察人类生存苦难的反叛者——包括Ginsberg本人——的缩影吧!
Ginsberg因《HOWL》而伟大,《HOWL》也因如此真实地表达了细微个体生命的真实存在以及为不屈的灵魂提供了一个有意义地出口而不朽,从而影响了一个时代!
在拙文的结尾,我其实更愿意用《HOWL》序言中的那句话做个了结:“抓紧你们的裙子,女士们,我们开始下地狱啦!”
错失良机,自然懊悔不迭,但内心仍然克制不住对电影《嚎叫》的强烈兴趣和好奇。第二日即10月7日(也是金斯堡在旧金山第六画廊公开朗诵《嚎叫》55周年纪念日),我只身前往纽黑文小城的包铁院线自费观看,实地感受一下美国的电影文化。我提前一刻钟到达影院,空荡荡的大厅里只有我一人。电影开始播放时,才又陆续来了另外五位观众。稀落的景象与昨日的“叫座”形成巨大的反差。看来,所谓的“盛况”只是特殊环境中的特殊现象而已,个中原因应该有三:一是免费,二是有现场点评,三是电影在合适的地点遇到了合适的观众。仔细比较美国包铁院线正在上映的10部片子,《嚎叫》的观众人数和影院评级一直垫底。而美国同期票房冠亚军则是高投资、大制作、讲述财富故事的《社交网络》(The Social Network)和《华尔街:金钱永不眠》(Wall Street:Money Never Sleeps)。同期上映的根据当代英国小说家石黑一雄(Kazuo Ishiguro)小说改编的电影《千万别丢下我》(Never Let Me Go)因为探讨克隆人的内心世界与伦理问题,在院线的排行榜上比《嚎叫》略微靠前。2010年初,《嚎叫》曾作为圣丹斯电影节的开幕影片放映,反响并不强烈。后来参加柏林电影节,虽然它让部分专业人士津津乐道,但影视界的评价仍有褒有贬。
《嚎叫》没有跌宕起伏、引人入胜的故事,也没有惊心动魄或惊险刺激的场面,其主要内容有:一、年轻的金斯堡在一台老式的打字机上创作《嚎叫》;二、金斯堡在旧金山的六号画廊向一批追随者朗诵《嚎叫》;三、金斯堡在一间温馨的房间内接受未曾“露脸”的记者的采访;四、《嚎叫》出版商费林盖蒂(Lawrence Ferlinghetti)因涉嫌传播淫秽出版物接受法庭的审判。影片打破情节的连续性与画面的单一性,采用多条线索和多个叙事形式,时空的断裂与跳跃性极大。它所使用的电影手法也很有特点,如多个场景快速切换拼贴,不同事件剪辑并置,黑白与彩色胶片交叉穿行,不时插入大量或写实或抽象的动画等。如果对金斯堡及其创作背景缺乏一定的了解,观看这样一部实验电影实在是一种煎熬。正因为与流行的好莱坞大片截然不同,这部影片自然将习惯于好莱坞模式的普通观众拒之门外。
影片的主角是著名演员詹姆斯·弗兰科(James Franco)扮演的金斯堡,但严格地来说又不是金斯堡,更不是费林盖蒂或凯鲁亚克或金斯堡的同性恋伴侣。在创作、朗诵、访谈、审判中不断重复或呈现的诗句,以及对诗歌的解读、评价、“审判”,几乎成了整部电影的中心和焦点。如果说《嚎叫》是一部实验电影,那么其实验性不仅在于其反传统的电影形式与技巧,而且也在于其巧妙地使一首长诗成为特殊的“主角”。影片用摄像机的镜头和多种电影手法对美国当代史诗《嚎叫》进行了实验性的影像再现。可以说,《嚎叫》既是诗人金斯堡的人物传记片,也是一部富有特色的“诗歌电影”。英美电影界以著名诗人为素材拍摄的影片已经有很多,如以浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯和柯勒律治为题材的影片《万魔汇聚》(Pandaemonium,2000),反映当代诗人普拉斯(Sylvia Plath)和泰特·休斯(Ted Hughes)爱情故事的电影《西尔维娅》(Sylvia, 2003),还有国人耳熟能详的奥斯卡获奖影片《莎翁情史》(Shakespeare in Love, 1998)等。然而,以一首具体的诗歌为主要素材而拍摄的影片却难得一见。就题材而言,《嚎叫》所面对的挑战显然是前所未有的,其先锋实验性也由此可见一斑。
对文学名著进行改编,在影视界是普遍现象。影视对文学的改编是一个复杂的增删取舍的艺术过程,实际上代表了一种独特的批评视角,是编剧和导演对原著的一种形象化、图像化的阐释,是一种特殊的文学批评形式。上世纪80年代,英国学者辛亚德(Neil Sinyard)曾经指出:“如同最优秀的文学批评一样,影视改编可以让原著更加澄明。”因此,电影《嚎叫》不仅是对50年代美国“披头士”文化的形象反映,而且也是从电影的角度对长诗《嚎叫》所展开的另类解读,是一次电影化或胶片化的文学批评尝试。正如美国批评家斯坦利·费什(Stanley Fish)在《纽约时报》上的影评所言:“文学批评进了电影!”作为对长诗《嚎叫》的批评解读,电影《嚎叫》不是单向度的,而是多角度的、开放式的。在多层次、多结构的电影叙事中,隐藏着多元化的文学批评模式,如传记批评模式、精神分析模式、读者反映批评模式等等。在诗人缺席的法庭审判中,控辩律师、多名专家证人以及法官都成了《嚎叫》一诗的角度不同或立场相反的阐释者。“淫秽案”的审理最终变成了探讨诗歌价值与文学批评的“专题研讨会”(seminar)。
《嚎叫》是一部“诗歌电影”,也是一部别具一格的“诗歌批评电影”,是关于诗歌阐释与文学批评的后现代戏仿(parody)。在戏仿的过程中,影片将金斯堡长诗的不同解读途径呈现在观众面前。费什对此有详细的归纳:一、主题性解读(诗歌“连根拔除游手好闲的人”);二、政治性解读(“对二战后世界的绝望反应”);三、意识形态解读(“反抗资本主义的堕落”);四、形式主义解读(“诗歌没有形式”,诗歌“所选择的词语表达了作者的意图”);五、价值论解读(“它经得起时间的考验,会促成同类经典的产生”);六、互文性解读(《嚎叫》与惠特曼《草叶集》之间的关系)。在这些解读之外,还有费什没有提到的、本片所独有的“漫画式”解读。影片不时插入的画外音对诗歌的大段朗诵,在音乐声中被配以快速变换的超现实的动漫画图片。这一颇为独特的表现形式有点类似电视节目中的“配乐配画诗朗诵”。如果说各种角度的解读客观反映了55年来批评界与知识界对此诗的总体理解与评价,那么“配乐配画诗朗诵”则代表了编导们对诗歌的别出心裁的“视听化”解读。它与电影中所呈现的各种角度的阐释构成了一曲复杂的“批评交响乐”。
此外,影片中值得深入探讨的还有诗歌阐释的法学途径。作为西方后现代法律运动的分支,“法律与文学”提供了文学批评的法律视角。国内外活跃在此领域的学者大多是法律学者,他们的研究主要侧重于法学层面的探讨,文学作品只是借鸡下蛋或借酒浇愁的手段,或是探究法学问题的生动素材。例如,美国著名法学家波斯纳(Richard Posner)在《法律与文学》(Law and Literature)一书中对《威尼斯商人》的探讨,完全着眼于法庭审判过程中的技术细节与法理问题,严格地来说,是不能作为对《威尼斯商人》的一种批评解读。同样,中国学者朱苏力的《法律与文学》探讨了大量中国戏剧经典,但根底上的法学主旨决定了此书仍然是法学研究,相关文学作品只不过是探究法学问题的历史文献而已。影片《嚎叫》中的审判与当时英国轰动一时的《查特莱夫人的情人》“诲淫案”一样,都涉及到法律对文学的管制问题。也许在法学家的眼里,审判的过程与细节可以成为反思法学问题或完善法律条款的切入口;但是从文艺研究的角度来看,其中则隐含着对文学作品进行法律评价的重要内涵。例如,控辩律师对涉嫌“淫秽”的陈词或辩论,被演绎成了从正反两个维度对诗歌所进行的美学阐释。影片结尾,法官对案件的无罪宣判演说,更是基于法学视角对《嚎叫》一诗所作出的特殊批评:“此诗虽然有粗鄙与下流的语言,但这是诗歌描写所必不可少的!”这是法官对诗歌价值的肯定,也是法律向文学的致敬。
作为中国观众,“在美国看《嚎叫》”自然也包含了一种跨文化的解读视角。长期以来,金斯堡在国内学界“名声”不佳。早年的正统观点将金斯堡、凯鲁亚克等作家称作“垮掉的一代”(来自对“Beat Generation”一词的翻译),并痛斥为“美国资产阶级道德沦亡、腐化堕落最集中、最无耻的表现”。陆建德先生后来又极为风趣地称之为“鄙德派”(“鄙德”在音、义上巧妙地对应“beat”一词)。几年前故世的文楚安先生曾对“beat”一词进行深入的考察与分析,认为将“Beat Generation”翻译成“垮掉的一代”并不贴切,因为“beat”一词的含义极为丰富而宽广,因此强烈建议用中性的“BG一代”加以取代。但十几年来,学界对此并不“买账”。“垮掉的一代”似乎早已“深入人心”,长诗《嚎叫》也因为涉及同性恋、粗言秽语、吸毒、性乱等内容,直到上个世纪90年代末才被翻译成中文。由于文化语境的不同,诗中的“诲淫”内容在中译本中都作了较大的改动或变通处理。时至今日,观看美国编导们对这部长诗的重新“解读”,不难发现,其中所表达的则是某种“深入人心”的西方理念,即“言论自由是生命自由不可或缺的重要组成部分”(法官的判词)。原诗中的粗言秽语,包括涉及性与性器的字眼,在“言论自由”的招牌下大行其道,被演员弗兰科充满激情、毫无遮掩地朗诵出来。随着时代的发展,国人对外来文化也能持越来越包容的态度,但观看这样一部影片仍然会带来观赏与审美的挑战,也会引发我们对中西文化与伦理差异的深入思考。
很难想象,艾伦·金斯堡竟然与我们曾经生活在同一个时代,如此之切近(他甚至多次来访中国,写下诸如《一天早上,我在中国散步》、《读白居易抒怀》等诗作),加上他健健康康活到了70岁的高龄——或许在人们心中,凯鲁亚克式的早夭于路上才是垮掉派应该的归宿——更让他成为一个文化古迹式的人物,却又由于太过熟悉而难以将之供奉于不朽偶像的行列、或因诗歌的晦涩难以让大众有窥其人全貌的冲动。(虽然金斯堡于1997年去世)对于美国人来说,他们好似昨天才看到他对波斯湾战争发表演说、他与摇滚明星同台亮相,一种陌生与熟悉交织的违和感,就好像谁都能念叨上几句“我看见这一代最杰出的头脑毁于疯狂”,却少有人真正理解金斯堡那狂诞想象力。
所以之前并没有哪位导演企图将《嚎叫》与艾伦·金斯堡的故事搬上银幕,垮掉派运动、诗歌、金斯堡其人、他的政治文学主张、他的爱情、他与杰克·凯鲁亚克等人的关系以及对流行文化的巨大影响……琐碎而庞杂,任何一个主题都可以单扯出来写成一部厚厚研究论文。但曾因纪录片《哈维·米尔克的时代》而获得奥斯卡最佳纪录片奖的罗伯·爱泼斯坦与杰弗瑞·弗里德曼却敢于做吃螃蟹的第一人。
这部以金斯堡最著名长诗《嚎叫》命名的电影,是罗伯·爱泼斯坦与杰弗瑞·弗里德曼的剧情处女作。他们并没有选择以传统的人物传记片模式来构建故事,影片到像是一部松散的纪录片(几乎其中的每个单词都是有确凿历史依据的)与动画诗朗诵的奇怪混合物。《嚎叫》由三部分交织构成:因出版《嚎叫及其他诗歌》而被以淫秽罪起诉的发行商劳伦·弗林盖蒂在法庭上的辩护;金斯堡在1957年接受记者的采访;他在叫咖啡馆首度朗诵《嚎叫》,辅以Eric Drooker绘制的动画版《嚎叫》。其间还穿插了金斯堡早年的生活经历等等琐事。
印象派的写意手法十分讨巧,也颇有些以小见大之意,甚至避免了二位导演叙事能力的不足。将种种难以在剧情中展开的内容——他的童年、被送入精神病院的母亲、他对美国社会的不公的看法——一股脑用自白式的对话展示出来。但对于金斯堡这样一位复杂的人物如此这般浅尝辄止的直白描述,未免有隔靴搔痒之感。更重要的是,彻底忽略了他人格真正的含义,只单纯将其看作天生无畏、捍卫性爱言论自由的卫士。
影片中大段的法庭辩论戏也是如此,除了嘲笑审查制度与保守势力的无知与大惊小怪,它并没有解释《嚎叫》真正的含义,甚至连这场审判将在50年代的美国引起怎样的波澜也未有涉及。一份缺乏戏剧性的历史普及教材。
最令人诟病的是对长诗《嚎叫》的动画处理。一点上,影片所作的和控方的律师没什么区别,真诚而急切的想弄清《嚎叫》究竟讲述的是什么,到最后却只能是徒劳的、仅仅盯住了那些“醒目”的字眼——阳具或者性交。所以我们看到:打字机爆炸喷射出火焰;赤裸的人体翻滚、交媾、飞过城市的上空;摩天大楼的剪影竖立在阴森的橘黄色的天空之下。好像大学生文学课业论文般幼稚、逐字逐句的图解诗歌成为影片灾难性的时刻。虽然我们听到劳伦·弗林盖蒂在法庭辩护时一再强调“如果诗歌可以明白的解释那就不是诗歌了”,但显然,Eric Drooker在制作动画的时轻易消解了《嚎叫》的复杂意义(显然影片做得还不如艾伦·帕克的《迷墙》,我衷心期望漫画家罗伯特·克鲁格有机会能尝试一下这个题材)。
好在,我们还有詹姆斯·弗兰科,即使艾伦·金斯堡从来没像他那么可爱。他的表演游走于严肃与狡猾之间(就如金斯堡本人),大胆与羞怯、他独有的暧昧笑意与闪光的风趣幽默并存,狂喜的灵魂掩盖在拘谨的外表下,诚恳且富于节奏感的表演——让你彻底忘记了他那被媒体过度曝光的明星身份(不过因为《嚎叫》本身评价不算出色,所以可以理解弗兰科今年是以《127小时》而获得奥斯卡影帝提名)。
《嚎叫》并没有像很多人物传记片那样多愁善感,却走向了另一个将人物抽干、符号化的极端。但这尝试虽笨拙,却真诚。如果你看完了电影激起了对金斯堡,这位伟大诗人、疯狂狡猾的老头的兴趣,那么不妨看下去,让我们以另一种方式来讲述他的故事。
她孤独地在长岛写最后一封信——于是她的
幻觉与窗户阳光相联系
“钥匙在窗上的阳光里在柜里在窗上的阳光里。”
——《卡迪什》
欧文·艾伦·金斯堡1926年7月3日出生于新泽西纽瓦克帕特逊市一个犹太裔家庭。父亲路易斯·金斯堡是位中学教师,热爱文学,偶尔写诗。母亲娜奥米是俄国移民的后裔、热情的马克思主义者。“他们是过时的哲学家,”金斯堡后来回忆他的父母说道,“我父亲会围着房子绕圈背诵艾米丽·迪金森的作品,或者攻击艾略特的‘反启蒙主义’毁掉了诗歌;我的母亲给我讲述的睡前故事总是这样的,好心的国王离开他的城堡,解放了受苦的工人。”
从金斯堡的幼年开始,母亲娜奥米的偏执症就不断发作,出现被秘密警察迫害的幻觉,有时企图自杀。她进进出出精神病院,一次一住就是3年。后来,金斯堡签下了脑叶切除术的授权。1956年,他收到了母亲写来的一封信,“钥匙在窗台上,钥匙在窗台的阳光里,我有钥匙,结婚吧,艾伦,不要吸毒。爱你,母亲。”两天之后,娜奥米去世。金斯堡写下著名长诗《卡迪什》纪念母亲。
比尔·摩根在金斯堡的传记《我赞美我自己》中说,金斯堡周围总是围绕着一群陷于麻烦的朋友,他无私的帮助他们是出于一种对母亲的补偿心理。
金斯堡的少年时代不免压抑,“我担心我对性事、音乐、宇宙/的感知让人察觉/受到嘲笑、被黑人孩子痛打一顿。”另一方面,他在日记中口气夸张的宣称,“开始写作(我想)是为了满足我的自负”,那时候他才14岁。
命中注定你会摔断腿
可仍继续驱车奔驰在平原上
——《绿色的汽车》
1943年秋天,艾伦·金斯堡来到哥伦比亚大学时,他还只是一个从新泽西来的害羞、笨拙的犹太男孩,穿着保守的衬衣,鼻梁上厚厚的眼镜将他那黑眼睛中大胆与不安的神情放大,这让他看起来有点像是年轻时候的弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(《了不起的盖茨比》的作者)。只不过,菲茨杰拉德这可怜的小伙追求的是如何举止像个有钱人;而金斯堡在他低调而恭顺的外表下,渴望的是找到一种让生活疯狂起来的方法。
同年12月,他先后结识了威廉·巴勒斯、杰克·凯鲁亚克、卢西恩·卡尔等人。随后是1946年、携16岁的妻子露安娜游荡到此的“丹佛的淫棍与阿多尼斯”尼尔·卡萨迪。这个有着街头智慧、说谎上瘾、性欲贪得无厌的家伙,向这些小知识分子们展示了何谓真正的“垮掉派”生活(虽然那时候还没有这个字眼)。他们是金斯堡的启蒙导师,文学与性爱上。
1949年,金斯堡从哥伦比亚大学毕业。他在纽约一边写诗,一边从事着各种工作,洗碗工、撰稿人、市场调查员。后来受人牵连,他在精神病院蹲了8个月,并认识了卡尔·所罗门。1954年,他口袋里装着6个月的失业救济金前往旧金山。
我看见这一代最杰出的头脑毁于疯狂
——《嚎叫》
1955年10月7日,艾伦·金斯堡在旧金山六画廊朗读了《嚎叫》。这是献给卡尔·所罗门——一个“疯狂的圣人”、有着强烈自虐倾向的天才——以及他在精神病院遭受的种种折磨的。
《嚎叫》分为三个章节,金斯堡说,“第一部分是在一个下午鬼使神差在打字机上写成的,任凭具有抽象诗歌美的凌乱的句子,无意义的想象在头脑中奔泻、相互联结,犹如卓别林摇摇晃晃的行走……深沉悲哀但不乏喜剧因素”,“哀悼羔羊一样的美国青年”。金斯堡在仙人掌致幻剂的作用下写下第二部分,关于工业文明的“神”——摩洛克,从《圣经》中《利未记》引申而来、弗朗茨·朗的《大都会》中吞噬工人的神祗,“为折磨羔羊的怪物命名。”第三部分金斯堡对卡尔·所罗门直接呐喊,以“我同你一起在罗克兰(精神病院)”开端的长长的排比,在幻觉中,摩洛克被战胜,“陈述羔羊的荣耀”。意犹未尽中,一种类似性爱的亢奋与狂喜席卷了诗人,“神圣!”他不断重复,“世界神圣、灵魂神圣、肌肤神圣……万物皆神圣!”
这是垮掉派运动中最重要的一幕,“人群在惊愕中欢呼,我们知道最深层的桎梏已经被打破,人类的声音与身体开始撞击着美国的围墙”。诗集被印成小册子疯狂在旧金山的先锋艺术青年圈子流传。讽刺的是,《嚎叫》后来之所以将影响了波及到整个美国社会,全赖一位海关税收员将诗集视为淫秽物品予以没收、引来了那张著名的官司。
从此开始,“没人知道将要发生什么,没人真正拥有自制力。美国正精神紧张的崩溃……因此,得意、绝望、预言、紧张、自杀与秘密,公众在诗歌的城市中快活着。”金斯堡说道,“那是个永恒的时候,以后再也不会有人对永恒充满乡愁。”
我想象一个永恒的小伙子
漫步在旧金山街头
英俊潇洒,在酒吧同我相遇
并且对我钟情
——《给》
1957年,法国,冬天。由于《嚎叫》的出版引发的种种非议,艾伦·金斯堡与彼得·奥尔洛夫斯基搬到了巴黎。这天,他们与摄影师朋友哈罗德·查普曼在巴黎圣日耳曼德佩区闲逛,金斯堡脸上一直美好的笑容,他期盼着未来、将要做的旅行和将要写的诗歌,而奥尔洛夫斯基看起来有点不安。他们走到一张长椅边,背靠背的坐下,哈罗德·查普曼拍下了那张著名的照片。
艾伦·金斯堡与彼得·奥尔洛夫斯基相识于1954年12月,那时奥尔洛夫斯基21岁,刚刚从军队退役、在旧金山当模特。据说,当金斯堡第一次看到Robert LaVigne所画的奥尔洛夫斯基的肖像时,就爱上了他。
他们很快搬到了一起,2年不到,《嚎叫及其他诗歌》出版,他们从巴黎周游北美、再到印度,一起冥思、参悟东方哲学。艾伦·金斯堡与彼得·奥尔洛夫斯基从不避讳在公开场合谈论这段他们视之为“婚姻”的关系,对美国的公众来说,这无异于一次令人瞠目结舌的启蒙。他们当中的很多人首次意识到,两个同性竟然也可以拥有所谓的婚姻。
两个人在一起的40年,直到死亡将他们分开,但其实日子过得并不算平坦。他们都各自拥有其他的伴侣、奥尔洛夫斯基也并不是个纯粹的同性恋。金斯堡一直无条件支持奥尔洛夫斯基写诗,他的诗集《干净屁眼的诗与微笑蔬菜的歌》于1977年出版,被称为坦率、天真的质朴、带着局外人的洞察力,但对奥尔洛夫斯基来说,声名之下,生活却慢慢开始滑向艰难与抑郁的境地。80年代,带有家族遗传性质的酗酒与药物成瘾问题已经严重侵蚀着他的生活,其后的日子里,他不得不周旋于精神病理疗机构、佛教徒的静思地或者金斯堡令人窒息性的爱情之间。
“今夜,我站在天使街的码头,突然想告诉你,我觉得你是多么神奇。”
——凯鲁亚克1950年写给金斯堡的书信
他们是所谓真正的“Soulmate”,从二人之间厚厚的长达20年的书信来往就可见一斑。那始于1944年,金斯堡19岁、凯鲁亚克22岁,因为涉嫌销毁谋杀证据,凯鲁亚克正被关在布朗克斯区的监狱里。他们之间的信件有时候是好玩、温柔、家常式的闲聊与互相的鼓励,有时候则冗长、散漫、充斥着幻想以及旁人不能理解的“自发式”写作风格,晦涩难解。在最美好的4、50年代,他们一起旅行,从纽约到加州到墨西哥,1957年去看望丹吉尔的威廉·巴勒斯、遇见画家弗朗西斯·培根……
不过这段友谊没能完美的收场,虽然金斯堡一直在努力维持。部分由于金斯堡被众人奉作垮掉派的领袖,当然,杰克·凯鲁亚克从来就不喜欢这个划分:“我不是垮掉派,我是天主教徒”,他曾说。而随着名声渐起,凯鲁亚克的酗酒已经到了毫无节制的程度,写作彻底被酒精带来的眩晕感肢解,他与金斯堡的书信往来也从此变得零星。60年代,在金斯堡忙碌投身于他嬉皮士精神导师的事业时,凯鲁亚克选择了退却进自己的小天地,他回到奥兰多的母亲身边,“我不想再需要那些发疯的夜晚……我从这个世界退休了,现在我要回到山中的小棚屋,让自己消失在木头中间。”当然,最重要的是凯鲁亚克从来都是个保守派、“共和党人”,随着二人政治上的分歧日趋严重,凯鲁亚克开始彻底规避金斯堡、甚至从犹太血统上诋毁他;1968年,凯鲁亚克最后一次在公众场合露面,浮肿且醉醺醺的他在《火线(Firing Line)》节目主持人的诱导下大谈越战与反犹的蠢话;一年之后,也就是1969年10月21日,凯鲁亚克死于肝硬化并发症,47岁。金斯堡写下长篇挽诗《记忆花园》悼念。
我想成为美国最杰出的人……
把钱分给穷困的诗人营养这大地上有想象力的天才们
在爵士乐的咆哮中静静坐下用一支自来水笔写诗
在活过48岁之后不再惧怕上帝或死神
——《自我忏悔》
运动夹克、宽松的长裤、衬衣以及从二手商店淘来的领带,金斯堡打扮得好像半个“纽约客”。从1975年开始,他就住在月租260美元的曼哈顿下东区的公寓里,桌椅设施陈旧,甚至不知道什么原因厨房水槽竟然被安在起居室里。更可怕的是这儿没有门铃,如果你想拜访金斯堡,请在街上大喊,然后他会把钥匙给你扔下来。加之一群未成名艺术青年经常在此地乱窜,公寓总是被搞得无比脏乱。(去年,随着彼得·奥尔洛夫斯基的去世,公寓被再度出租,不过由于东区早已变成了高端的中产聚居地,房屋的租金也水涨船高到了1750美元)。
虽然从70年代开始,金斯堡无政府主义倾向就已日趋减弱,但他从来没有放弃将美国按他乌托邦式的理想重塑的可能,作为社会活动家更将目光伸向更远的领域。他与鲍勃·迪伦合作,将诗与音乐融合(鲍勃·迪伦与披头士的影响下,金斯堡曾怀疑诗歌是否是触动读者最好的方式);在世界各地游走、讲演,推动民权运动、参与反战游行,甚至为此多次入狱。还有教育年轻人、那始终都是他热爱事业。金斯堡曾在布鲁克林学院执教10年,并且积极投身圣马可教堂的诗歌计划,参与创办纳诺帕大学并教授佛教诗歌。但“艾伦相信他最好的教学是在床上”,金斯堡的传记作者比尔·摩根不忘调侃。
是的,怎么能忘了这一部分?即使是晚年,金斯堡这疯狂的老头也在“毫不知羞耻的追求享乐”。1986年,在那首名为《括约肌》的诗中,他热烈的赞扬自己“强韧、肌肉发达”的肛门,尽管艾滋与“偶尔的痔疮”,它依然“积极、热切的接受阴茎、可乐瓶子/蜡烛、胡萝卜/香蕉&手指。”
艾伦·金斯堡从不富有。虽然诗歌只是其收入的一部分,他的日记、散文、书信都等等是出版商们的抢手项目(他还曾为GAP的卡其裤做过电视广告,酬劳2万美元)。即使如此,起码在80年代,金斯堡的年收入从未超过4万美元。“我有一些钱和权力,”他说,“但我知道,我不会拥有它们很长时间。”
早晨在中央公园打打太极拳(据他说,这对睾丸和肝脏的健康有好处),或者在住所下面的餐馆、书店或干洗店来来回回,没有人意识到这个大胡子戴眼镜的老头竟是个名人。
我死后,
我不在乎怎样处置我的尸体,
把骨灰抛向天堂,部分扔进东河
把骨灰盒埋在新泽西伊丽莎白犹太墓地
不过,我希望举行一次盛大的葬礼
——《死亡与荣誉》
1997年4月5日,艾伦·金斯堡因肝癌去世,70岁。据说,得知自己患病时,他异常平静,但不时悄悄哭泣,他打电话给所有的朋友,告知自己将不久于人世。并写下《死亡与荣誉》等最后的作品。
4月12日,在他经常出没的纽约下东区的圣马可教堂里,上千名他的朋友、他的拥戴者聚集起来纪念这位伟大的诗人、仁慈聪慧的朋友——Lou Reed、Patti Smith、Sonic Youth乐队的Lee Ranaldo、诗人Amiri Baraka……Patti Smith唱起Hank Williams的经典布鲁斯歌曲《I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry》,她说金斯堡是她的榜样,她将永远追随他。
TIPS:
1.在鲍勃·迪伦的传记片《我不在那》中喜剧演员大卫·克罗斯扮演了金斯堡。
2.09年《综艺》曾报道John Krokida要拍一部名为《亲爱的杀死你》的电影,讲述卢西恩·卡尔当年著名的杀人案,杰西·艾森伯格将出演金斯堡、“美国队长”克里斯·伊文思饰凯鲁亚克、本·威士肖饰卡尔。可惜再无下文。
3.垮掉派另一部名作《在路上》也被搬上银幕,影片由《中央车站》的导演沃尔特·塞勒斯执导、萨姆·赖利、克里斯汀·斯图尔特、维果·莫特森主演。
(《环球银幕》)
(《环球银幕》)
咖啡馆里诵读长诗是这部电影的四个场景之一。几年以后金斯伯格接受录音采访、回忆《嚎叫》的创作过程为第二场景,其间时光的流逝显而易见:画面由黑白转换为彩色,金斯伯格原本光洁的脸上长出了络腮胡。第三场景很简单,诗人在一架老式的黑色打字机前奋力敲击,《嚎叫》一个字一个字地蹦到纸上。第四处场景安排在法庭,《嚎叫》的出版商、旧金山“城市之光”书店遭到起诉,罪名为传播淫秽内容,金斯伯格的长诗中有很多毫不隐讳的描写,对象是跟生孩子有关的器官及这些器官从事的跟生孩子无关的行为。这起官司后来成为阐释美国宪法第一修正案的知名案例。另外,电影还将《嚎叫》全诗完整地转换成三维动画,篇幅高达全片的四分之一左右。
将小说改编成电影的例子很多,将诗歌改编成电影这是我第一次见到。两位导演Rob Epstein和Jeffrey Friedman曾经拿过奥斯卡的最佳纪录片奖,他们拍起剧情片来也用不着太多虚构。旧金山地方法庭内的几场戏中,控辩双方的唇枪舌剑,一连串证人的陈述、检察官和辩护律师对证人的交叉质询和法官的判决全都直接取自1957年的法庭记录。我意外地发现,审理的过程竟然与文学批评神似,看电影的过程也就是了解《嚎叫》的主题、创作手法和文学价值的过程。
几位证人分别从各自的角度阐释了对诗歌的理解,第一个登场的是位文学女青年Gail Potter,她曾经在当地电视台负责教育节目。Gail介绍自己文学创作经历的时候说,“我重新写过《浮士德》,共40遍。”法庭内传来一阵哄笑。虽说Gail的写作成绩谈不上突出,但她开展批评的时候仍然头头是道。她认为《嚎叫》没有文学价值,从形式、风格、清晰程度等各个方面来评价都是如此,语言也过于粗鄙。此外,金斯伯格的诗没有道德上的崇高感。电影中的第二位证人Mark Schorer当时担任加州大学伯克利分校英语系的主任,他认为《嚎叫》说的是一群无着落的人那种四处徘徊的生存状态,其中包括性经验的刻画,而且诗人并不刻意区分异性还是同性之间的性经验。检察官McIntosh起诉的基本依据是诗中那些脏字的数量,他一再要求文学教授讲清楚诗的具体含义。Schorer回答很干脆,象普及文学常识一样,“诗歌没有办法一字一句翻译转换成日常语言。”
第三位出场的证人Luther Nichols是《旧金山纪事报》的文学评论家,他的观点与伯克利的教授比较接近,《嚎叫》描绘了一群流浪者在路上的那种生活经验,其中包括性经验。教授和评论家在词语的选择上都比金斯伯格来得缓和很多,他们用那些不容易引起联想的生理学术语,比如copulation。诗人用fucked in the ass。检察官追问诗中的个别描述是否涉及淫秽,评论家说那只能算猜测。言下之意,诗句不能作为定罪的事实依据。
我从来没有上过美国的文学批评课,这部电影倒是提供了一扇特殊的窗口。在诗朗诵和与之匹配的动画带来的视听享受以外,法庭上文学讨论覆盖的话题之全面也会给予观众格外不寻常的收获。第四位出场的证人、文学教授David Kirk的学术地位可能远远不及伯克利的那位系主任,架势却自命不凡得多。电影中有一段长达两分钟的讨论供Kirk教授阐述自己的看法,《嚎叫》没有文学价值,诗的主题固然清楚,但形式上模仿惠特曼的痕迹太重。
检察官问,“你记得是惠特曼的哪部作品?”
“《草叶》,这首诗叫《草叶》。”Kirk教授回答。
辩护律师质问,“你认为金斯伯格模仿惠特曼的风格?”
Kirk教授澄清道,“是《草叶》的形式,而不是风格。”
他认为伟大的文学作品应该创造出自己的形式,不能模仿。这段法庭对质的场景具备文学专业论文答辩的主要特征,大家讨论着原创与借鉴,借鉴与模仿、形式与风格之类的话题。
法官Horn因为这个案子恐怕需要读不少文学作品和文学理论,他最后的判决没有受到Kirk和文学女青年观点的影响。Horn认为《嚎叫》具有持续的社会意义,它不大可能让读者腐化堕落,不会刺激他们淫荡的念头或者好色的欲望,出版商“城市之光”书店无罪。此后,艾伦·金斯伯格成为文学明星、“垮掉的一代”的代表人物之一,到他1997年去世的时候,《嚎叫》卖出了80万本。正是因为这本书的成功,另一位“垮掉的一代”杰克 凯鲁亚克的《在路上》也得以出版。这两件作品对美国社会年轻一代的影响一直持续到今天,或许还能持续到非常遥远的未来。
艾伦得意地对我说:“看,我这件西服五块钱,皮鞋三块,衬衣两块,领带一块,都是二手货,只有我的诗是一手的。”
提起艾伦·金斯堡,在美国几乎家喻户晓。这位美国的“垮掉一代”之父,自五十年代因朗诵他的长诗《嚎叫》一举成名,成为反主流文化的英雄。他在六十到七十年代席卷美国的反越战抗议浪潮和左翼造反运动中,扮演了重要角色。可以毫不夸张地说,没有他,这半个世纪的美国历史就会像一本缺页的书,难以卒读。
我和艾伦是一九八三年认识的,当时他随美国作家代表团第一次到中国访问。在我的英译者杜博妮的安排下,我们在他下榻的旅馆见面,在场的还有他的亲密战友盖瑞·施耐德(Gary Snyder)。我对那次见面的印象并不太好:他们对中国的当代诗歌所知甚少,让他们感兴趣的似乎只是我的异类色彩。
再次见到艾伦是五年以后,我到纽约参加由他组织的中国诗歌节。刚到艾伦就请我和我妻子邵飞在一家日本餐馆吃晚饭。作陪的一位中国朋友用中文对我说:“宰他丫的,这个犹太小器鬼。”我不知他和艾伦有什么过节。对我,艾伦彬彬有礼,慷慨付账,并送给我一条二手的领带作纪念。但在席间他明显地忽视了邵飞。都知道他是个同性恋,谁也没在意。赞助那次诗歌节的是纽约的袜子大王——一个肥胖而傲慢的老女人,动作迟缓,但挺有派头。据说艾伦的很多活动经费都是她从袜子里变出来的。艾伦总是亦步亦趋、点头哈腰地跟在老太太身后,像个贴身仆人,不时朝我挤挤眼。我真没想到,这家伙竟有这般能屈能伸的本事。
此后见面机会多了,开始熟悉起来。九○年夏天,我们在汉城举办的世界诗歌大会上相遇。艾伦总是衣冠楚楚(虽然都是二手货),跟那些南朝鲜的官员们谈释放政治犯,谈人权。让组织者既头疼又没辙:他太有名了。在官方的宴会上,大小官员都慕名而来,跟他合影留念。艾伦总是拉上我,躲都躲不开。有一回,一个地位显赫的官员,突然发现我正和他们分享荣耀,马上把我推开。我从来没见过艾伦发这么大的脾气,他对着那个官员跳着脚大骂:“你这个狗娘养的!你他妈知道吗?这是我的好朋友!中国诗人!”官员只好赔理道歉,硬拉着我一起照相,让我哭笑不得。再碰上这样的场合,我尽量躲他远点儿。
我问艾伦为什么总是打领带。他的理由很简单:其一,他得和那些政客们谈人权;再者呢,他狼狈地一笑,说:“不打领带,我男朋友的父母就会不喜欢我。”
在汉城,会开得无聊,我们俩常出去闲逛。他拿着微型照相机,像个间谍似的到处偷拍。一会儿对着路人的脚步,一会儿对着树梢的乌鸦,一会儿对着小贩做广告的粘满蟑螂的胶纸。走累了,我们在路边的草地上歇脚,他教我打坐。他信喇嘛教,最大的愿望是有一天能去西藏。饿了,钻进一家小饭馆,我们随意点些可口的小吃。渴了,想喝杯茶,却怎么也说不清楚。我干脆用食指在案板上写下来,有不少朝鲜人懂汉字。老板似乎明白了,连忙去打电话。我们慌忙拦住:喝茶干吗打电话?莫非误以为我们要找妓女?但实在是太渴了,我们又去比划,作饮茶状。老板又拿起电话,吓得我们撒腿就跑。
晚上,我们来到汉城市中心的夜总会。这里的陪舞女郎缠着艾伦不放。没呆上十分钟,他死活拉着我出来,说:“我应该告诉她们,我是个同性恋。”我们迎面碰上一群美国留学生。他们一眼就认出了艾伦:“嗨!你是金斯堡?”“我是,”艾伦马上问,“这附近有没有同性恋俱乐部?”众人大笑。其中一个小伙子为他指路。但我声明绝不进去,艾伦在门外转了一圈,只好作罢。
艾伦很念旧。在纽约他那狭小的公寓里,他给我放当年和《在路上》的作者克卢雅克(kerouac)一起喝酒聊天的录音,脸上露出悲哀。他讲起克卢雅克,讲起友谊、争吵和死亡。他叹息道:“我那么多朋友都死了,死于酗酒、吸毒。”我告诉他,我们青年时代为《在路上》着魔,甚至有人能大段大段地背诵。让我感动的是,艾伦和死者和平共处,似乎继续着多年前的交谈。我甚至可以想象,他独坐家中,反复听着录音带,看暮色爬进窗户。
前车之鉴,艾伦不吸烟不喝酒,除了偶尔有个把男朋友,他过着近乎清教徒的生活。但他是个真正的工作狂。他最忙的时候雇了三个半秘书。他们忙得四脚朝天,给艾伦安排活动。艾伦反过来对我说:“我得拼命干,要不然谁来养活他们?”这纯粹是资本家的逻辑。艾伦告诉我,他是布鲁克林学院的终身教授,薪水不错,占他全部收入的三分之一,另外版税和朗诵费占三分之一,还有三分之一来自他的摄影作品。和他混得最久的秘书鲍勃(Bob)跟我抱怨:“我是艾伦的脑子。他满世界应承,自己什么也记不住。最后都得我来收拾。”
从艾伦朗诵中,仍能看到他年轻时骄傲和野蛮的力量。他的诗是为了朗诵的,不是为了看的。有一次在新泽西的诗歌节上,艾伦和我一起朗诵。他读我的诗的英文翻译。他事先圈圈点点,改动词序。上了台,他就像疯狂的火车头一样吼叫着,向疯狂的听众奔去,把我孤单单地抛在那里。以后我再也不敢请他帮我读诗了。
去年他过了七十岁生日。他身体不好,有心脏病、糖尿病。医生劝他不要出门旅行。最近他在电话里告诉我,他常梦见那些死去的朋友,他们和他谈论死亡。他老了。我想起他的长诗《嚎叫》里的头一句:“我看见这一代精英被疯狂毁掉……”